苏丹土埃统治时期的奴隶问题研究
发布时间：2018-12-26 07:05
【摘要】：苏丹的奴隶贸易历史久远,从古埃及时期到近代的19世纪末,奴隶贸易一直是苏丹历史发展的主题之一。土埃统治时期是苏丹奴隶贸易发展的转折时期。在土埃统治的前半期,苏丹的奴隶贸易趋于鼎盛。大量的非洲土著黑人被当作奴隶,从达尔富尔以南、努巴山区、青尼罗河地区、埃塞俄比亚边界地带及南苏丹地区运送至苏丹各地的奴隶市场,然后再通过主要的商路,贩卖至北苏丹地区、埃及和阿拉伯半岛等地。这些苏丹奴隶在社会中扮演着妻妾、仆人、阉人、士兵及农业劳动力等角色,是维持苏丹穆斯林各阶层生活、生产和统治的关键所在。土埃政权本身的建立也与苏丹黑奴有着密切的关系。1821年,为建立一支强大的奴隶武装,穆罕默德·阿里入侵苏丹,并在苏丹建立土埃政权。土埃统治初期,为了满足穆罕默德·阿里对黑奴的需求,土埃统治者以暴力为主要手段,在苏丹各地展开频繁的猎奴活动。为了进一步获取包括黑奴在内的各种资源、以及探寻尼罗河源头的需要,穆罕默德·阿里发动了多次深入白尼罗河上游地区的探险活动,最终开辟了白尼罗河航道。南方航道的开通,使得南苏丹地区直接暴露在外界面前。为了掠夺象牙和贩卖奴隶,欧洲和阿拉伯商人等各方势力大量涌入南苏丹地区,最终促使苏丹奴隶贸易于19世纪60年代达到鼎盛。19世纪50年后期,在英国的压力下,土埃政权发起打压奴贸易的行动。从穆罕默德·赛义德到赫迪夫·伊斯梅尔统治时期,苏丹的禁奴贸易实践经历了“局部打压”、“全面打压”及“强制打压”等三个阶段。土埃政权的禁奴贸易实践在结果上对苏丹的历史发展产生了重要的影响:其一,奠定了苏丹近代国家地理版图的基础;其二,禁奴贸易实践触犯了苏丹穆斯林社会各阶层的传统利益,助推了马赫迪起义的爆发,最终导致了土埃政权的覆灭。
[Abstract]:The slave trade in Sudan has a long history. From the ancient Egypt period to the end of the 19 th century, the slave trade has always been one of the themes of Sudan's historical development. The period of Turkish-Egyptian rule was a turning point for the development of the Sudanese slave trade. During the first half of Turkey's reign, Sudan's slave trade flourished. A large number of African indigenous blacks were used as slaves, transported from the southern part of Darfur, the Nuba Mountains, the Blue Nile region, the Ethiopian border zone and South Sudan to slave markets throughout the Sudan, and then through the main commercial routes. They are sold to northern Sudan, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. These Sudanese slaves played the roles of wives, servants, eunuchs, soldiers and agricultural workers in society, and were the key to maintaining the life, production and rule of all classes of Sudanese Muslims. In 1821, Mohamed Ali invaded Sudan in order to build a strong slave force, and established the Turkish and Egyptian regime in the Sudan. In the early days of Turkish and Egyptian rule, in order to satisfy Mohamed Ali's demand for black slaves, the rulers of Turkey and Egypt took violence as the main means and carried out frequent slave hunting activities throughout Sudan. In order to gain further resources, including slaves, and the need to explore the source of the Nile, Mohamed Ali launched several expeditions into the upper reaches of the White Nile, eventually opening the White Nile Channel. The opening of the Southern Waterway has exposed South Sudan directly to the outside world. In an effort to prey on ivory and the slave trade, European and Arab traders poured into South Sudan, culminating in the Sudanese slave trade in the 1960s, under pressure from Britain in the late 1850's. Turkey and Egypt launched a crackdown on the slave trade. During the period from Mohamed said to Hediv Ismail, the practice of slavery trade in Sudan experienced three stages: partial suppression, comprehensive suppression and compulsory suppression. The practice of slavery trade in Turkey and Egypt has had an important influence on the development of Sudan. Firstly, it has laid the foundation of the national geography of Sudan in modern times. Second, the practice of slave trade violated the traditional interests of various sections of the Muslim society in Sudan, contributed to the outbreak of the Mahdi uprising, and finally led to the collapse of the Turkish-Egyptian regime.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K412.4
本文编号：2391705
[Abstract]:The slave trade in Sudan has a long history. From the ancient Egypt period to the end of the 19 th century, the slave trade has always been one of the themes of Sudan's historical development. The period of Turkish-Egyptian rule was a turning point for the development of the Sudanese slave trade. During the first half of Turkey's reign, Sudan's slave trade flourished. A large number of African indigenous blacks were used as slaves, transported from the southern part of Darfur, the Nuba Mountains, the Blue Nile region, the Ethiopian border zone and South Sudan to slave markets throughout the Sudan, and then through the main commercial routes. They are sold to northern Sudan, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. These Sudanese slaves played the roles of wives, servants, eunuchs, soldiers and agricultural workers in society, and were the key to maintaining the life, production and rule of all classes of Sudanese Muslims. In 1821, Mohamed Ali invaded Sudan in order to build a strong slave force, and established the Turkish and Egyptian regime in the Sudan. In the early days of Turkish and Egyptian rule, in order to satisfy Mohamed Ali's demand for black slaves, the rulers of Turkey and Egypt took violence as the main means and carried out frequent slave hunting activities throughout Sudan. In order to gain further resources, including slaves, and the need to explore the source of the Nile, Mohamed Ali launched several expeditions into the upper reaches of the White Nile, eventually opening the White Nile Channel. The opening of the Southern Waterway has exposed South Sudan directly to the outside world. In an effort to prey on ivory and the slave trade, European and Arab traders poured into South Sudan, culminating in the Sudanese slave trade in the 1960s, under pressure from Britain in the late 1850's. Turkey and Egypt launched a crackdown on the slave trade. During the period from Mohamed said to Hediv Ismail, the practice of slavery trade in Sudan experienced three stages: partial suppression, comprehensive suppression and compulsory suppression. The practice of slavery trade in Turkey and Egypt has had an important influence on the development of Sudan. Firstly, it has laid the foundation of the national geography of Sudan in modern times. Second, the practice of slave trade violated the traditional interests of various sections of the Muslim society in Sudan, contributed to the outbreak of the Mahdi uprising, and finally led to the collapse of the Turkish-Egyptian regime.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K412.4
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1 成飞;苏丹土埃统治时期的奴隶问题研究[D];西北大学;2017年
2 李莉莉;基于古罗马三部农业著作的公元前2世纪—公元1世纪的古罗马农业奴隶研究[D];东北师范大学;2017年
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