18世纪中叶—19世纪中叶欧俄农民经济研究
发布时间：2018-12-26 17:44
【摘要】： 18世纪中叶——19世纪中叶是俄国封建农奴制存在的最后阶段。商品货币经济的发展使农奴制处于总危机状态。这一时期欧俄农民农业生产技术没有发生根本性改变,加之自然气候地理条件因素的影响,农业生产依然非常落后。但由于社会劳动分工的发展,城乡彻底分离,经济区域化的形成,商品货币关系的发展,欧俄农民经济发生了显著变化。 这些变化主要表现为三个方面:一是,俄国地主面临有利的国内外市场条件,加重了对农民的剥削,致使农民经济状况和地位不断恶化。农民与地主矛盾日益加剧,农民反抗的浪潮一浪高过一浪。二是,随着商品货币关系的发展和俄国资本主义因素的增长,欧俄农民经济一改以往相对与世隔绝、自给自足的经济状态,加强了与市场的联系。三是,农民分化的加剧。有的农民购买土地成为土地所有者,这已经成为比较普遍的现象;农民外出打工经商,从事各种其它职业加剧了农民的分化。俄国农村到处都出现了各种不同的变化。但这种进步是以广大农民经济状况和地位的恶化为代价的,只有少数农民地位改善。打工经商农民与商品货币经济的发展及城市化进程联系密切。由于欧俄农村社会结构的特点,广大农民难以摆脱封建关系的束缚,农民分化程度有限,城市化进程受阻。 在农民经济发生上述变化的条件下,农民争取权益的斗争日益高涨。18世纪中叶——19世纪中叶,俄国历代沙皇都对农民、农民经济进行了多方面、程度不同的政策调整或者改革,但每次调整或改革都无法从根本上改变固有的局面,社会矛盾更加激化。农奴制束缚已经成为俄国经济发展和社会进步的严重障碍,对农民、农民经济进行根本性的改革,废除农奴制已是历史的必然。
[Abstract]:The mid-18 th century-19 th century was the last stage of the existence of Russian feudal serfdom. The development of commodity money economy makes serfdom in general crisis state. In this period, the agricultural production technology of farmers in Europe and Russia has not changed fundamentally, combined with the influence of natural climatic and geographical conditions, agricultural production is still very backward. However, due to the development of social division of labor, the complete separation of urban and rural areas, the formation of economic regionalization and the development of commodity and monetary relations, the farmers' economy in Europe and Russia has undergone remarkable changes. These changes were mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the Russian landlords faced favorable market conditions at home and abroad, aggravated the exploitation of peasants, and caused the peasants' economic situation and status to deteriorate. The contradiction between the peasants and the landlords intensified day by day, and the wave of peasant revolt was higher than that of the landlord. Second, with the development of commodity monetary relations and the growth of Russian capitalist factors, the peasant economy of Europe and Russia has changed its economic state of relative isolation and self-sufficiency, and strengthened its relationship with the market. Third, the division of farmers intensified. Some farmers buy land to become landowners, which has become a relatively common phenomenon; farmers go out to work and do business, engaged in various other occupations exacerbated the differentiation of farmers. Various changes have taken place everywhere in the Russian countryside. However, this progress is at the expense of the deterioration of peasants' economic status and status, and only a few farmers' status has improved. Working and doing business with farmers and the development of commodity monetary economy and the process of urbanization are closely related. Because of the characteristics of the social structure in the rural areas of Europe and Russia, it is difficult for the peasants to get rid of the bondage of feudal relations, the differentiation of peasants is limited, and the process of urbanization is blocked. Under the conditions of the above changes in the peasant economy, the struggle for the rights and interests of the peasants was on the rise. In the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century, Russian czars carried out various aspects of the peasant and peasant economy. Different degree of policy adjustment or reform, but every adjustment or reform can not fundamentally change the inherent situation, social contradictions are more intense. The bondage of serfdom has become a serious obstacle to the development of Russian economy and social progress.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K512.34;F35
[Abstract]:The mid-18 th century-19 th century was the last stage of the existence of Russian feudal serfdom. The development of commodity money economy makes serfdom in general crisis state. In this period, the agricultural production technology of farmers in Europe and Russia has not changed fundamentally, combined with the influence of natural climatic and geographical conditions, agricultural production is still very backward. However, due to the development of social division of labor, the complete separation of urban and rural areas, the formation of economic regionalization and the development of commodity and monetary relations, the farmers' economy in Europe and Russia has undergone remarkable changes. These changes were mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the Russian landlords faced favorable market conditions at home and abroad, aggravated the exploitation of peasants, and caused the peasants' economic situation and status to deteriorate. The contradiction between the peasants and the landlords intensified day by day, and the wave of peasant revolt was higher than that of the landlord. Second, with the development of commodity monetary relations and the growth of Russian capitalist factors, the peasant economy of Europe and Russia has changed its economic state of relative isolation and self-sufficiency, and strengthened its relationship with the market. Third, the division of farmers intensified. Some farmers buy land to become landowners, which has become a relatively common phenomenon; farmers go out to work and do business, engaged in various other occupations exacerbated the differentiation of farmers. Various changes have taken place everywhere in the Russian countryside. However, this progress is at the expense of the deterioration of peasants' economic status and status, and only a few farmers' status has improved. Working and doing business with farmers and the development of commodity monetary economy and the process of urbanization are closely related. Because of the characteristics of the social structure in the rural areas of Europe and Russia, it is difficult for the peasants to get rid of the bondage of feudal relations, the differentiation of peasants is limited, and the process of urbanization is blocked. Under the conditions of the above changes in the peasant economy, the struggle for the rights and interests of the peasants was on the rise. In the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century, Russian czars carried out various aspects of the peasant and peasant economy. Different degree of policy adjustment or reform, but every adjustment or reform can not fundamentally change the inherent situation, social contradictions are more intense. The bondage of serfdom has become a serious obstacle to the development of Russian economy and social progress.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K512.34;F35
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