18世纪英国在亚洲港脚贸易研究

发布时间：2019-03-16 07:29

【摘要】： 16世纪末期,英国人追随葡萄牙人、荷兰人的脚步来到了亚洲。17世纪,亚洲港脚贸易的丰厚利润促使英国人与葡荷等欧洲国家展开了亚洲市场的争夺战。18世纪英国港脚贸易已经成为英国东印度公司在亚洲贸易的重要组成部分,对东印度公司的发展产生重大的影响。本文探讨的主要问题是英国港脚贸易兴起的条件、港脚贸易的货物种类和运销方式、港脚贸易的区域变化、港脚贸易的数量和获得的利润以及港脚贸易对亚洲和英国产生的影响。本文分为四个部分。第一部分讨论了英国港脚贸易的兴起。17世纪,英国人为了分享亚洲港脚贸易的丰厚利润,与荷、葡进行了激烈的争夺,结果英国人在亚洲开辟了一系列殖民据点、商站,为港脚贸易的开展和兴盛打下了基础。此外,由于英国东印度公司的港脚贸易发展受到各种因素的制约,逐渐退出了港脚贸易。相反,英国港脚商通过对公司垄断权的挑战以及公司推行的鼓励港脚商贸易的政策,逐渐地发展壮大起来。17世纪英国港脚贸易有了初步的发展。第二部分探讨了英国西向港脚贸易的发展和衰落。18世纪上半期,孟加拉港脚贸易优势地位的确立以及加尔各答港脚船队的建立,为西向港脚贸易发展提供了前提条件。西向港脚贸易包括英国与印度西海岸、波斯湾以及红海的贸易。港脚商主要用孟加拉的布匹、糖、大米等货物,换取印度西海岸的胡椒、香料和棉花、波斯湾的铜、马匹以及红海的穆哈咖啡、药材、金银等,然后再把这些货物分销到亚洲其他地区。从18世纪40年代之后,由于西印度洋地区政治动荡以及孟加拉货物价格的提高,西向港脚贸易开始衰落。随着英国西向港脚贸易的衰落,东向港脚贸易反而兴盛起来。第三部分勾勒出英国东向港脚贸易的发展概况,探讨了东向港脚贸易繁荣的原因。东向港脚贸易主要包括英国与马来亚、印度尼西亚、马尼拉、中国的贸易,其兴起的原因主要是西向港脚贸易的衰落、英国对华茶叶贸易的增长以及英国对孟加拉的征服等。从17世纪到18世纪上半期,是东向港脚贸易的开展阶段。港脚商主要把印度的棉花、鸦片运到中国换取购买茶叶的白银；把印度的布匹、鸦片运到东南亚各地换取香料、胡椒、锡、铜,然后把这些货物分销到印度、中国、马尼拉等国家换取其他货物和白银。从18世纪60年代到1800年,是东向港脚贸易迅速发展阶段。港脚贸易规模在不断扩大,尤其是英国与中国贸易的发展最具明显。茶叶贸易的巨额的利润,促使东印度公司积极地发展茶叶贸易。由于英国在对华贸易中一直处于贸易逆差,为了筹足白银,东印度公司大力鼓励港脚商把印度的棉花、鸦片运到中国出售。鸦片贸易的高额利润通过汇票的方式为东印度公司提供了购买茶叶的资金,也扭转了英国贸易入超的状态,中国大量的白银流入英国。随着对华贸易的迅速扩大,英国与马来亚、印度尼西亚的贸易也有了很大增长。港脚商把马来亚、印度尼西亚的香料、胡椒、大米、锡、糖运销中国,同时又把印度的鸦片、胡椒、香料、大米、铜在东南亚各地出售。这些贸易所获得利润也为英国购买中国茶叶提供了资金。文章最后一部分讨论了英国港脚贸易对亚洲和英国产生的影响。在中国,港脚贸易不仅破坏了广州的贸易管理制度、而且大量的鸦片走私导致国民财富减少,人民生活贫苦。在印度,港脚贸易加深了印度经济的殖民化,印度的经济遭到很大破坏。在英国,港脚贸易加快英国的资本积累,为工业革命提供了物质基础,在东南亚,港脚贸易对当地人民的经济、政治等各方面都造成了严重的损害。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 16th century, the British followed the Portuguese, and the Dutch came to Asia. In the 17th century, The lucrative profits of Asia's Hong Kong-foot trade have led the British to compete with European countries such as Portugal and other European countries. The British port-foot trade in the 18th century has become an important part of the British East Indian company's trade in Asia and has a major impact on the development of East India. The main problems discussed in this paper are the conditions of the rise of the British port-foot trade, the type of goods and the way of the trade in the Hong Kong-foot trade, the regional change of the Hong Kong-foot trade, the number and the profit of the Hong Kong-foot trade, and the impact of the Hong Kong-foot trade on Asia and the United Kingdom. This paper is divided into four parts: In the first part, the rise of British port-foot trade was discussed. In the 17th century, the British fought a fierce battle to share the lucrative profits of the Asian port and foot trade, and the British opened a series of colonial positions in Asia to lay a foundation for the development and prosperity of the trade in the port of Hong Kong In addition, due to the constraints of various factors in the development of the port and foot trade of the East India Company, the port of the British East Indian Company gradually withdrew from the port On the contrary, the British port of Hong Kong has gradually developed and developed through the challenge of the monopoly of the company and the policies of the company to encourage the trade of Hong Kong's feet. The British port trade in the 17th century has a preliminary The second part discusses the development and decline of the trade of British West to Hong Kong. In the first half of the 18th century, the establishment of the dominant position of Hong Kong's Hong Kong and Hong Kong and the establishment of the ships of the Hong Kong-foot-foot of Calcutta, and the development of the trade between the West and Hong Kong. Prerequisites are provided. West-to-port trade includes the West Coast of the United Kingdom and India, the Persian Gulf As well as the trade in the Red Sea, Hong Kong's feet are mainly used in Bangladesh's cloth, sugar, rice and other goods in exchange for pepper, spices and cotton on the western coast of India, copper in the Persian Gulf, horses and muha's coffee, medicinal materials, gold and silver in the Red Sea, and then distribution of these goods In other parts of Asia, from the 1840s, West to the port, as a result of the political turmoil in the western Indian Ocean and the increase in the price of the goods in Bangladesh The foot trade began to decline. With the decline of the trade between the west and the port of the United Kingdom, the trade in the East to Hong Kong The third part outlines the development of the East-to-Hong Kong-foot trade in the UK. The reason for the prosperity of the East-to-Hong Kong-foot trade mainly includes the trade between the United Kingdom and the Malay, Indonesia, Manila and China, the rise of which is mainly due to the decline of the trade between the West and Hong Kong, and the rise of the British tea trade to China and Britain's conquest of Bangladesh, etc. From the 17th and the 18th centuries, The stage of East-to-Hong Kong's trade is to transport cotton and opium from India to China for the purchase of silver from tea. India's cloth, opium, and opium are transported to all parts of South-East Asia for spices, pepper, tin, and copper, and the goods are then distributed to India, China, Manila, etc. In exchange for other goods and silver, from the '60s to the 1800' s. in that year, it was the rapid development stage of the east-to-Hong Kong-foot trade. the scale of the Hong Kong-foot trade was expanding, in particular The development of trade between Britain and China is the most obvious. The huge profits of the tea trade, To make the East India company actively develop the tea trade, as the UK has been in a trade deficit with China's trade, the East India company is strongly encouraging the Hong Kong-based companies to raise the price of the silver. India's cotton and opium were shipped to China for sale. The high profits of the opium trade, through the way of exchange, provided the East Indian company with the money to buy tea and also reversed the UK's trade in the country. The state of China's large amount of silver flows into the United Kingdom. With the rapid expansion of China's trade, Britain and the United States Malay, Indonesia's trade is also growing. Hong Kong's foot-and-foot merchants sell Malay, Indonesia's spices, pepper, rice, tin, sugar to China, while taking the opium of India It is sold in all parts of South-East Asia by pepper, spices, rice, and copper. These trade The profits are also financed by the purchase of Chinese tea from the United Kingdom. The article finally Part of the discussion on the impact of British port-foot trade on Asia and the UK. In China, Hong Kong's trade in Hong Kong has not only undermined the trade management system in Guangzhou, but and a great deal of opium smuggling has led to a reduction in national wealth and poor people's lives. In India, the trade in Hong Kong's feet India's economy has been badly damaged by the deepening of the Indian economy. In the UK, Hong Kong-foot trade has accelerated the UK's capital accumulation, providing a material base for the industrial revolution, and in South-East Asia, Hong Kong-foot trade is right
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：F755.61;K561.4

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