1964-1968年英国的东苏伊士防务撤退决策初探

发布时间：2019-03-21 07:28

【摘要】： 20世纪60年代中后期,英国从苏伊士运河以东地区实施全面的防务撤退,是英国历史上具有转折意义的重大事件,标志着英国一流世界大国地位的终结。本文力图揭示英国从东苏伊士地区撤军的决策过程,阐明影响英国决策的各种因素,进而分析英国决策的特点、本质以及它对英国和当地安全格局的影响。本文共分为五章。第一章简要叙述东苏伊士防务体系的由来,以及1945年-1964年英国东苏伊士防务政策的演变过程。东苏伊士防务体系的建立和存在都和印度殖民地有直接关系。但是印度独立后,由于英国仍然竭力维护其大国地位,加上冷战爆发以及英国在东苏伊士地区有重大战略利益等因素,英国政府拒绝放弃在东苏伊士地区的防务存在。苏伊士运河事件后,尽管短时间内英国的东苏伊士防务政策没有实质性的变化,但英国朝野中已经有不少人开始质疑东苏伊士防务体系存在的价值,进而对英国的海外政策展开秘密审查和检讨,为以后以威尔逊为首的工党政府上台后的防务政策审查和决策提供了参考和铺垫。第二章阐述1964年10月-1965年6月工党政府执政初期的防务政策审查状况。在这个过程中,英国的东苏伊士政策逐渐发生变化,对该体系的态度经历坚决维护、有限度坚持再到达成部分削减共识的过程,迈出了最终全面放弃东苏伊士防务存在的关键一步。第三章阐述1965年7月-1966年2月工党政府部分削减东苏伊士防务义务的决策状况。在前一阶段达成部分削减防务共识的基础上,威尔逊政府更为细致和深入地检讨英国东苏伊士政策的利弊得失,做出撤离亚丁和新加坡基地以及削减地中海防务等一系列决定。但考虑到盟国的反对和英国的现实困难,在公布决定时,英国对其撤离新加坡基地的意图进行了掩饰。第四章阐述1966年3月-1967年7月工党政府全面放弃东苏伊士防务的决策过程和决策因素。经济危机的发生,使英国再一次进行防务政策审查。马来西亚和印度尼西亚军事对抗的结束①和削减防务开支的压力迫使威尔逊政府考虑全面放弃东苏伊士防务的可能性和必要性。权衡英国的处境和盟国的态度,英国政府最终决定在70年代初将远东驻军削减一半,70年代中期全面撤离远东和波斯湾,回归欧洲的立场和意图愈加明显。第五章主要阐述和分析1967年8月-1968年1月,英国加速退出东苏伊士地区的决策进程。经济危机的再次发生,彻底击碎了英国的帝国迷梦。面对盟国的挽留乃至恳求,英国政府依然决定加速从东苏伊士地区撤离的进程。本文认为,英国最终离开东苏伊士地区是战后民族解放运动高涨,英国国势衰落和英国战略利益重心转移等多种因素综合作用的结果。在漫长曲折的决策进程中,英国政府的态度十分谨慎。最终的决定为美国成为东苏伊士地区安全格局中的主导因素创造了条件。从根本上来说,英国放弃东苏伊士防务体系的决策过程,也是英国政府在国内外局势发生巨大变化的情况下,对其国际地位和国家长远发展方向进行重新定位和调整的过程。
[Abstract]:In the middle and late 1960 's, Britain's full defense retreat from the east of the Suez Canal was a significant event in the history of Britain, which marked the end of Britain's first-class world power. This paper tries to reveal the decision-making process of the withdrawal of the British from the east Suez region, to clarify the factors that affect the decision-making in the UK, and then to analyze the characteristics, nature of the decision-making in the UK and its impact on the British and local security patterns. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter briefly describes the origin of the East Suez defense system, as well as the evolution of the British East Suez defense policy from 1945 to 1964. The establishment and existence of the East Suez defense system have a direct bearing on the Indian colonies. But after India's independence, the British government has refused to give up its defence presence in the east Suez region, as Britain is still trying to maintain its state of power, combined with the cold war and the major strategic interests of the UK in the east Suez region. After the Suez Canal incident, although there is no substantial change in the UK's East Suez defense policy in a short time, many people in the field have begun to question the value of the East Suez defense system and to conduct a secret review and review of the UK's overseas policy. The policy review and decision-making provided by the Labour government led by Wilson in the future provided references and bedding. The second chapter expounds the defense policy review in the initial period of the government of the Labor Party in October 1964-June 1965. In this process, the East Suez policy of the United Kingdom has changed gradually, and the attitude of the system is subject to firm maintenance, to the extent that the process of partial consensus-cutting is to be reached, and the key to the final total abandonment of the existence of the east Suez defense is taken. In chap. III, that part of the government of the labour party in July 1965-February 1966 cut the duty of the east suez defence. The decision-making situation. On the basis of a partial cut in defence consensus at the previous stage, the Wilson Government has made a more detailed and in-depth review of the advantages and disadvantages of the British East Suez policy, the withdrawal of the Aden and Singapore bases, and the reduction of the Mediterranean defence. A series of decisions. But taking into account the opposition of the allies and the real difficulties of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the Singapore base in the release of the decision The fourth chapter expounds the decision of the Labour government to give up the defense of the east Suez from March 1966 to July 1967. The policy process and the decision-making factors. The economic crisis is taking place once more. A review of defense policy. The end of the military confrontation in Malaysia and Indonesia and the pressure to cut defence spending have forced the Wilson government to consider a comprehensive waiver of the East Suez defence The British government finally decided to cut the Far East from the Far East and the Persian Gulf at the beginning of the 70 's and to return to Europe in the mid-1970s. The field and intent are becoming more apparent. Chapter V focuses on and analyses the accelerated withdrawal of the United Kingdom from August 1967 to January 1968 The decision-making process in the East Suez region. The recurrence of the economic crisis. The British government still decided to speed up from the end of the British Empire. The process of the withdrawal of the East Suez region, which is believed to be the end of the post-war national liberation movement, the decline of the British state and the focus of the British strategic interests, is the result of the British final departure from the East Suez region. The result of the synthesis of various factors, such as the transfer, in a long and tortuous decision-making. In the course, the British government is very cautious. The final decision is that the United States is the east Suez region. The main factor in the whole pattern has created the condition. In essence, the decision-making process of the East Suez defense system is abandoned in the UK, and the British government has changed its international status and the long-term development of the country with great changes in the situation at home and abroad.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K561.5

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