中世纪西欧城市普通女性劳动及职业状况研究
发布时间：2019-03-21 12:35
【摘要】：在中世纪城市社会中，按照传统的劳动分工，普通女性仍是家庭劳动的主要承担者，洗衣做饭、打扫卫生、种植蔬菜、服侍丈夫、抚养孩子以及饲养牲畜等都是普通女性的工作，这些工作非常烦琐并占去了普通女性大部分时间。除了从事家庭劳动之外，许多女性也走出家门，从事各种各样的社会性劳动，如做纺织工、酿酒者及商业中的零售者等，部分较年轻的女性迫于生活的压力而去作仆人、甚至作妓女。 一般而言，普通女性不被允许参与社会性劳动，当时城市法及行会规章都不鼓励女性自由活动，更反对女性成为独立的经济参与者，宗教机构也大肆宣扬“女人主内”思想的合理性。但是，中世纪社会生产力水平的低下以及接连不断的天灾人祸使得仅仅依靠男人的劳动无法维持家庭的生存，在这样的情况下，城市普通女性便走出家门，从事力所能及的社会性劳动，以此来满足个人及家庭生存的需要。 在“重男轻女”思想的影响之下，普通女性的社会性劳动也被打上了性别歧视的烙印，这主要表现在：许多社会地位低、工资少的工作被当成女人的，如酿酒、纺织及零售等，而男人从事的却是受人尊敬的、工资高、利润高的工作。而且，普通女性的社会性劳动具有明显的不同于男性劳动的特点：首先，普通女性往往同时身兼数职，这种职业的重叠性使得普通女性没有确立起自己明确的工作身份。其次是女性职业的边缘化，缺乏有效的工作保障，女性劳动被看成是男性劳动的附庸。再次，，职业的性别隔离倾向，这主要是指女性从事的职业更像是其家庭劳动的一种延伸。由于城市普通女性经济地位低下，其家庭地位与社会地位也是及其低下的。城市普通女性的家庭地位 与社会地位不及农村女性也不及城市贵族女性，因为农村女性是家庭劳动力 的重要部分，她们可以自由的走出家门从事田间劳作，是物质生产活动的直 接参与者;而城市贵族女性，可以通过遗产继承获得财富，同时获得财富的 处置权。 总之，尽管存在各种不利因素，普通女性的劳动仍然具有重要的历史意 义。首先，她们的劳动对于维持其家庭的生存意义重大，因为中世纪的生产 力水平使得男性的劳动满足不了整个家庭的需要。其次，女性的社会性劳动 对于中世纪经济发展也具有积极的不可替代的作用。 中世纪西欧城市普通女性的劳动状况表明普通女性是社会历史的积极 创造者。
[Abstract]:In medieval urban society, according to the traditional division of labour, ordinary women were still the main bearers of family work, washing and cooking, cleaning, growing vegetables and serving their husbands. Raising children and raising livestock are common female jobs that are cumbersome and take up most of the average woman's time. In addition to engaging in domestic work, many women also go out of the house and engage in a variety of social labor, such as textile workers, winemakers and retailers in business, and some younger women are forced to work as servants under the pressure of life. Even as a prostitute. In general, ordinary women are not allowed to participate in social labour. At that time, neither the city law nor the regulations of trade associations encouraged women to move freely, and they were more opposed to women becoming independent economic participants. Religious institutions also trumpeted the rationality of the idea of "woman-in-chief". However, the low level of social productivity in the Middle Ages and the continuous succession of natural and man-made disasters made it impossible to sustain the survival of the family by relying solely on the work of men. In such circumstances, ordinary urban women walked out of their homes. Engage in social labor as far as possible to meet the needs of individual and family survival. Under the influence of "son preference", the social labor of ordinary women has also been branded as sexist. This is mainly manifested in the fact that many jobs with low social status and low wages are regarded as women's, such as wine making, textile and retail, and so on. Men, on the other hand, are doing respectable, well-paid, profitable jobs. Moreover, the social labor of ordinary women is obviously different from that of male labor. Firstly, the common women tend to hold several positions at the same time. The overlapping of this kind of occupation makes the ordinary women have not established their own clear working status. The second is the marginalization of female occupation, the lack of effective job security, female labor is regarded as the subordinate of male labor. Third, the occupational gender segregation tendency, which mainly refers to the occupation of women is more like an extension of their family work. Due to the low economic status of ordinary urban women, their family status and social status are also extremely low. The family and social status of ordinary urban women is inferior to that of rural women and urban aristocratic women, because rural women are an important part of the family labor force. They are free to walk out of their homes and work in the fields, and they are direct participants in material production activities; Urban aristocratic women, through inheritance, can obtain wealth, and at the same time obtain the right to dispose of wealth. In short, in spite of all kinds of disadvantages, the labor of ordinary women still has an important historical meaning. First of all, their labor is of great significance to the survival of their families, because the level of production in the Middle Ages made it impossible for men's labour to meet the needs of the entire family. Secondly, women's social labor also has a positive and irreplaceable role in the economic development in the Middle Ages. The working conditions of ordinary women in medieval western European cities show that ordinary women are the active creators of social history.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K50
本文编号：2444938
[Abstract]:In medieval urban society, according to the traditional division of labour, ordinary women were still the main bearers of family work, washing and cooking, cleaning, growing vegetables and serving their husbands. Raising children and raising livestock are common female jobs that are cumbersome and take up most of the average woman's time. In addition to engaging in domestic work, many women also go out of the house and engage in a variety of social labor, such as textile workers, winemakers and retailers in business, and some younger women are forced to work as servants under the pressure of life. Even as a prostitute. In general, ordinary women are not allowed to participate in social labour. At that time, neither the city law nor the regulations of trade associations encouraged women to move freely, and they were more opposed to women becoming independent economic participants. Religious institutions also trumpeted the rationality of the idea of "woman-in-chief". However, the low level of social productivity in the Middle Ages and the continuous succession of natural and man-made disasters made it impossible to sustain the survival of the family by relying solely on the work of men. In such circumstances, ordinary urban women walked out of their homes. Engage in social labor as far as possible to meet the needs of individual and family survival. Under the influence of "son preference", the social labor of ordinary women has also been branded as sexist. This is mainly manifested in the fact that many jobs with low social status and low wages are regarded as women's, such as wine making, textile and retail, and so on. Men, on the other hand, are doing respectable, well-paid, profitable jobs. Moreover, the social labor of ordinary women is obviously different from that of male labor. Firstly, the common women tend to hold several positions at the same time. The overlapping of this kind of occupation makes the ordinary women have not established their own clear working status. The second is the marginalization of female occupation, the lack of effective job security, female labor is regarded as the subordinate of male labor. Third, the occupational gender segregation tendency, which mainly refers to the occupation of women is more like an extension of their family work. Due to the low economic status of ordinary urban women, their family status and social status are also extremely low. The family and social status of ordinary urban women is inferior to that of rural women and urban aristocratic women, because rural women are an important part of the family labor force. They are free to walk out of their homes and work in the fields, and they are direct participants in material production activities; Urban aristocratic women, through inheritance, can obtain wealth, and at the same time obtain the right to dispose of wealth. In short, in spite of all kinds of disadvantages, the labor of ordinary women still has an important historical meaning. First of all, their labor is of great significance to the survival of their families, because the level of production in the Middle Ages made it impossible for men's labour to meet the needs of the entire family. Secondly, women's social labor also has a positive and irreplaceable role in the economic development in the Middle Ages. The working conditions of ordinary women in medieval western European cities show that ordinary women are the active creators of social history.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K50
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 刘琼;;中世纪西欧乡村妇女劳动状况分析[J];郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版);2008年03期
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 万妍梅;“半驯化”女性形象分析[D];南昌大学;2010年
2 杨明君;试论中世纪英国城市妇女的地位[D];天津师范大学;2010年
3 杜浩;中世纪后期英国乡村妇女的经济活动探析[D];安徽师范大学;2012年
本文编号：2444938
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