论公元四世纪罗马军队的重组

发布时间：2019-03-21 15:59

【摘要】： 尽管许多古代作家和现代学者都对戴克里先和君士坦丁提出了严厉的批评,认为他们对罗马军队的重组使军队日益蛮族化,从而直接导致了战斗力的下降和军纪的废弛,但却鲜有证据支持这些指责。相反在事实上,重组后的罗马军队仍然是一支精锐之师,而且更为忠诚。因此,公元四世纪的罗马军队的重组并未导致军队的蜕变,而且是历史发展的必然结果。首先,自三世纪以来罗马的战略环境持续恶化,必然要求其军队有所改进。其次,罗马两线作战的窘境使其不得不放弃早期的进攻性防御战略,转而走向纵深防御战略。最后,纵深防御战略决定了罗马军队必然要被分为机动部队与守备部队,而且需要大幅扩充军队和建立新的指挥体系。所以自戴克里先起,罗马军队就在不断的扩充并在边境大量修筑要塞。到了君士坦丁统治时期,军队被划分为机动部队与守备部队,并在各地组建军区。到四世纪中叶,罗马军队的重组基本完成。这次重组具有以下几大后果:首先罗马军队拥有全新的军事组织;其次,军队的数量发生了膨胀;再次,一个新的指挥体系建立了起来;最后,为维持军队的运转,一个新的后勤系统被建立起来。虽然罗马军队通过重组后,成功地维护了帝国的统一和边境的安全,但其代价却是十分高昂的,沉重的财政负担最终压垮了罗马帝国,罗马军队必然随之覆灭。
[Abstract]:Although many ancient writers and modern scholars have harshly criticized Decretian and Constantine that their reorganization of the Roman army has led to the growing barbarism of the army, which has led directly to the decline in combat effectiveness and the abolishment of military discipline, But there is little evidence to support these accusations. In fact, on the contrary, the reorganized Roman army is still an elite division and more loyal. Therefore, the reorganization of the Roman army in the fourth century AD did not lead to the transformation of the army, but was the inevitable result of the development of history. First, the continued deterioration of Rome's strategic environment since the third century is bound to require improvements in its army. Second, Rome had to give up its early offensive defense strategy and move towards a deep defense strategy because of the dilemma of two-line operations. Finally, the deep defense strategy determines that the Roman army must be divided into mobile units and garrison units, and that the army should be greatly expanded and a new command system should be set up. So since Diakry, Roman troops have been expanding and building garrisons on the border. By Constantine's rule, the army had been divided into mobile units and garrison units, and military regions had been formed everywhere. By the middle of the fourth century, the reorganization of the Roman army had been basically completed. This reorganization has the following major consequences: first, the Roman army has a brand-new military organization; secondly, the number of troops has expanded; thirdly, a new command system has been established; Finally, in order to maintain the operation of the army, a new logistics system was established. Although the Roman army was successfully reorganized to maintain the unity of the empire and the security of the border, the cost was very high, the heavy financial burden eventually crushed the Roman Empire, the Roman army must be destroyed.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K126

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