1945-1948年匈牙利的政局发展及一党制的形成
发布时间：2019-03-27 11:32
【摘要】： 在二战后东欧国家的苏化过程中，匈牙利是抵制苏化时间最长的一个，原因是匈牙利的资产阶级政党小农党和社会民主党右翼的力量比较强大，它们都抵制了匈牙利的苏化进程，延缓了这个过程。然而，由于匈牙利是一个小国，还是一个战败国，苏联在二战后期就开始控制匈牙利，作为苏联的安全缓冲带，战后初期一直致力于实现这个目标。美英从政治动机上并不想放弃匈牙利，它们也想把匈牙利纳入自己的势力范围，政治上防止苏联对西方的威胁，经济上建立更广大的市场。然而，由于战后初期西欧社会存在着许多动荡、不稳定的因素，所以美英把主要注意力放在西欧；另外，苏军在二战后期已经进入匈牙利，而美英在匈牙利没有军事力量，因此它们通过经济和外交手段来抵制苏联对匈牙利的控制，但没有成功，不得不接受了匈牙利被苏联化的事实。匈牙利在三年的时间内最终沦为苏联的卫星国。本文旨在探索匈牙利在1945-1948年间逐步变成苏联附属国的这一过程以及这一过程背后的深层原因，进而揭示出二战后随着冷战的开始和苏美国关系的完全破裂，国际格局走向了两极对峙，在这样的背景下，苏美两国都积极扩展自己的势力范围，像匈牙利这样的小国、弱国失去了独立选择自己前途的自由，，成为大国政治的牺牲品和附属物。通过对这一课题的研究，希望能引发更多关于如何建立一个宽松、和平的国际环境，如何维护国际政治中小国、弱国的尊严和独立性的相关思考和探索。 本文分为五个部分： 第一部分概述了匈牙利的历史情况，二战中受到的严重破坏，战后初期苏联和美英对匈牙利的主要政策，匈牙利在1945年大选前的政治经济现状。 第二部分是关于1945年匈牙利的两次大选，内容包括大选前的政府机构，大选的过程和大选中各主要政党的竞选活动以及苏、美英对大选中反应，并对大选的结果进行了分析。 第三部分论述了1945年全国大选后到1947年夏天议会中的第一大党小农党被排挤出匈牙利政治舞台。内容包括大选后苏联为了确保今后能完全控制匈牙利为匈牙利共产党争取到了政府中最主要的部门内务部并因此控制了警察力量；1945年冬天设立了最高经济委员会，从而控制了匈牙利的经济命脉。1946年共产党和小农党之间的较量，1947年随着苏联和美国关系的恶化苏联与匈牙利共产党彻底打垮了小农党。 第四部分论述1947年小农党被排挤出政府后，匈牙利共产党在苏联的指示下清除了社会民主党右翼并同并了社会民主党，在匈牙利建立了完全亲苏的一党制政府并实现了经济国有化的过程。 第五部分是文章的结论。
[Abstract]:In the post-World War II Soviet process in Eastern European countries, Hungary was the longest boycott of Soviet transformation, because Hungary's bourgeois party, the small Farmer Party, and the Social Democratic Party's right-wing were more powerful. They all boycotted the Soviet process in Hungary, delaying the process. However, because Hungary is a small country or a defeated country, the Soviet Union began to control Hungary in the late World War II, acting as a security buffer for the Soviet Union, which has been committed to achieving this goal in the early part of the post-war period. The United States and Britain do not want to give up Hungary politically, they also want to bring Hungary into their sphere of influence, politically prevent the Soviet Union from threatening the West, and build wider markets economically. However, because there are many volatile and unstable factors in Western European society in the early postwar period, the United States and Britain pay more attention to Western Europe. In addition, the Soviet forces had entered Hungary in the late part of World War II, and the United States and Britain had no military force in Hungary, so they resisted Soviet control of Hungary through economic and diplomatic means, but did not succeed. He had to accept the fact that Hungary had become Soviet. Hungary eventually became the satellite state of the Soviet Union for three years. The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of Hungary becoming a subordinate state of the Soviet Union in 1945 and 1948, and the underlying causes behind this process, and to reveal the complete breakdown of Soviet-American relations with the beginning of the Cold War after World War II. Against this background, the Soviet Union and the United States have actively expanded their spheres of influence. Small countries such as Hungary and weak countries have lost the freedom to choose their own future independently. Become victims and appendages of great power politics. Through the study of this subject, we hope to arouse more thoughts and explorations about how to establish a loose and peaceful international environment and how to safeguard the dignity and independence of small and weak countries in international politics. This article is divided into five parts: the first part outlines the history of Hungary, the serious damage suffered in World War II, the main policies of the Soviet Union and the United States and Britain towards Hungary in the early postwar period. Hungary's political and economic status before the 1945 general election. The second part is about the two general elections in Hungary in 1945, including the government agencies before the general election, the process of the general election and the campaign activities of the main political parties in the general election, the reaction of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain to the general election, and the analysis of the results of the general election. The third part discusses that after the national election in 1945 to the summer of 1947, the largest party, the peasant party, was excluded from the Hungarian political stage. This includes the fact that the Soviet Union, in order to ensure full control of Hungary in the future, has won the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the leading department of government for the Hungarian Communist Party, and therefore the police force after the general elections; The Supreme Economic Council was set up in the winter of 1945 to control Hungary's economic lifeline. In 1946, when relations between the Soviet Union and the United States worsened, the Soviet Union and the Hungarian Communist Party completely defeated the small peasant party in the battle between the Communist Party and the small Farmer Party. The fourth part discusses that after the small peasant party was excluded from the government in 1947, the Hungarian Communist Party, under the instructions of the Soviet Union, removed the right wing of the Social Democratic Party and merged it with the Social Democratic Party. A fully pro-Soviet one-party government was established in Hungary and the process of economic nationalization was achieved. The fifth part is the conclusion of the article.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K515.5
[Abstract]:In the post-World War II Soviet process in Eastern European countries, Hungary was the longest boycott of Soviet transformation, because Hungary's bourgeois party, the small Farmer Party, and the Social Democratic Party's right-wing were more powerful. They all boycotted the Soviet process in Hungary, delaying the process. However, because Hungary is a small country or a defeated country, the Soviet Union began to control Hungary in the late World War II, acting as a security buffer for the Soviet Union, which has been committed to achieving this goal in the early part of the post-war period. The United States and Britain do not want to give up Hungary politically, they also want to bring Hungary into their sphere of influence, politically prevent the Soviet Union from threatening the West, and build wider markets economically. However, because there are many volatile and unstable factors in Western European society in the early postwar period, the United States and Britain pay more attention to Western Europe. In addition, the Soviet forces had entered Hungary in the late part of World War II, and the United States and Britain had no military force in Hungary, so they resisted Soviet control of Hungary through economic and diplomatic means, but did not succeed. He had to accept the fact that Hungary had become Soviet. Hungary eventually became the satellite state of the Soviet Union for three years. The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of Hungary becoming a subordinate state of the Soviet Union in 1945 and 1948, and the underlying causes behind this process, and to reveal the complete breakdown of Soviet-American relations with the beginning of the Cold War after World War II. Against this background, the Soviet Union and the United States have actively expanded their spheres of influence. Small countries such as Hungary and weak countries have lost the freedom to choose their own future independently. Become victims and appendages of great power politics. Through the study of this subject, we hope to arouse more thoughts and explorations about how to establish a loose and peaceful international environment and how to safeguard the dignity and independence of small and weak countries in international politics. This article is divided into five parts: the first part outlines the history of Hungary, the serious damage suffered in World War II, the main policies of the Soviet Union and the United States and Britain towards Hungary in the early postwar period. Hungary's political and economic status before the 1945 general election. The second part is about the two general elections in Hungary in 1945, including the government agencies before the general election, the process of the general election and the campaign activities of the main political parties in the general election, the reaction of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain to the general election, and the analysis of the results of the general election. The third part discusses that after the national election in 1945 to the summer of 1947, the largest party, the peasant party, was excluded from the Hungarian political stage. This includes the fact that the Soviet Union, in order to ensure full control of Hungary in the future, has won the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the leading department of government for the Hungarian Communist Party, and therefore the police force after the general elections; The Supreme Economic Council was set up in the winter of 1945 to control Hungary's economic lifeline. In 1946, when relations between the Soviet Union and the United States worsened, the Soviet Union and the Hungarian Communist Party completely defeated the small peasant party in the battle between the Communist Party and the small Farmer Party. The fourth part discusses that after the small peasant party was excluded from the government in 1947, the Hungarian Communist Party, under the instructions of the Soviet Union, removed the right wing of the Social Democratic Party and merged it with the Social Democratic Party. A fully pro-Soviet one-party government was established in Hungary and the process of economic nationalization was achieved. The fifth part is the conclusion of the article.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K515.5
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