论北美殖民地村镇自治制度

发布时间：2019-04-07 18:04

【摘要】： 地方自治制度如果能在一个国家得到广泛的认同,那其必然在这个国家有着深厚的民众基础。没有民众拥护的自治制度是没有生命力的制度,将会湮灭在历史的尘埃之中。在美国,地方自治制度在基层的顺利运行,不仅降低了行政成本,而且提高了民众参与公共管理的热情,我们不能仅仅是赞叹其制度设计之精巧,其与美国国情的结合之完美,而是应该更深一层地问一下:为什么地方自治制度能够在美国落地生根,而没有沦为上级政府的传声筒?在对美国地方自治制度的研究中我们不能仅仅只看到美国地方自治制度在现在是如何运行的,为什么这样运行,我们似乎更应该把目光投向美国地方自治制度的源头:北美殖民地村镇自治制度,从中寻找美国地方自治制度的生命源泉。只有民众的支持才能给一个制度注入生命力,在北美殖民地时期,特殊的自然社会环境使得村镇成为了人们生产生活的中心,村镇的地位空前提高了,成为了政治经济的重要舞台,村镇自治在当时是必然也是必需的,遥远的距离使得英国国王的权威在这里被稀释掉了,巨大的权力真空给予了村镇自治组织发展和完善的空间。当然,这一切历史条件都不可能重现了,但这并不意味着北美殖民地村镇自治制度对于别的国家没有任何借鉴意义。正是因为美国有生命力强大的地方自治组织,基层民主才会富有活力,基层公共管理才能适应当地的需要,地方行政成本才能降低……当然,北美殖民地村镇自治制度也不是毫无瑕疵的,例如有的村镇,不民主不公正的现象也存在,但殖民地居民追求民主,追求自治的热情从来没有消退。在村镇会议这个小小的平台之上,对外,他们全力保卫村镇自治的权利,对内,他们在管理自己的家园的同时,也对民主政治的一些基本原则有了更加深入的理解。正是借助这个平台,使得民主政治的基本要义进入了殖民地居民的日常生活,即使是那些目不识丁的自耕农也对这些东西了如指掌。可以说,长时间存在并发挥着巨大作用的殖民地村镇会议把北美殖民地居民培养成具有自主独立意识的公民! 在研究北美殖民地村镇自治制度的过程中,笔者借助国内外对北美殖民地村镇自治制度的论著进行研究,力图将北美殖民地村镇自治制度的产生、变迁和影响还原到美国建国前的历史中去,结合当时的历史背景解读北美殖民地村镇自治制度,分析北美殖民地村镇自治制度产生的原因、动力,其变迁完善以及由此产生的历史效果,不断探求产生北美殖民地村镇自治制度各种因素,笔者认为,最重要的两个因素是:第一是自治组织内部成员之间的独立性,这种独立性不仅包括在经济上的独立,而且包括在人身上的独立。只有在独立的个体中才能产生平等的“政治契约”,也才会有民主的自治组织出现。第二是外部权力弱化或真空,自治组织成立的初期是非常脆弱的,需要一个少有干扰的外部环境,过于强大的外部权力侵入会破坏自治组织的独立性,以及成员之间的独立平等,使得自治组织名存实亡,沦为外部权力的传声筒。如今,我国在进行基层民主建设之时,划定基层自治组织的权力范围是非常关键的一步,如果给予基层自治过于广泛的权力有权力滥用的风险,如果将其权力限制的过小,基层民主又将徒具形式,北美殖民地村镇自治制度对我国基层民主建设是有点借鉴意义的。
[Abstract]:The local self-government system, if it can be widely accepted in a country, must have a deep popular base in the country. The self-government system, which is not supported by the people, is a system without vitality, and will be annihilated in the dust of history. In the United States, the smooth operation of the local self-government system in the grass-roots level not only reduces the administrative costs, but also increases the enthusiasm of the people to participate in public management. Why is the local self-government system able to take root in the united states without being a voice drum of a higher-level government? In the study of the system of local self-government in the United States, we can not only see how the local self-government system in the United States is running now, and why should we look more on the source of the local self-government system in the United States: the autonomous system of the colonial and rural areas of the North America, To find the source of life of the local self-government system in the United States. Only the support of the people can inject vitality into a system. In the colonial period of the North America, the special natural social environment has made the villages and towns the center of the people's production and living, and the status of the villages and towns has been improved, which has become an important political and economic situation. The stage and the autonomy of the villages and towns were necessary and necessary at that time. The remote distance allowed the authority of the King of England to be diluted, and the great power of power was given to the development and improvement of the self-government of the villages and towns. space. Of course, it is impossible for all of these historical conditions to be reproduced, but this does not mean that the system of self-government in the North American colonies does not have any reference to other countries Meaning. It is because the United States has a strong local self-government organization, the grass-roots democracy will be dynamic, the grass-roots public administration can adapt to the local needs, the local administrative cost can The self-governing system of the colonial and rural areas of the North America is, of course, not a fault, for example, there are villages and towns, and the phenomenon of undemocratic injustice exists, but the colonists' enthusiasm for pursuing democracy and pursuing self-government has never been On the small platform of the village and town meeting, they are fully defending the right of the self-government of the villages and towns, and in the meantime, they have made a more thorough understanding of the basic principles of the democratic politics at the same time as they manage their own homes. It is through this platform that the basic essential meaning of the democratic politics has entered the daily life of the colonists, even if they are the illiterate self-cultivation peasants. It can be said that the colonial and village conference that has played a great role for a long time has brought the colonial residents of North America into an independent and independent consciousness. On the basis of the study of the self-governing system of the colonial villages and towns in the North America, the author tries to restore the generation, the change and the influence of the self-governing system of the colonial and rural areas of the North America to the state before the founding of the United States. On the basis of the historical background, the paper analyzes the causes, power, changes and the historical effect of the self-governing system of the colonial and rural areas of the North America, and explores the various factors of the self-government system of the colonial and rural areas in the North America. In the author's opinion, the most important two factors are: first is the independence of the internal members of the self-governing organization, which not only includes economic independence, but also among the people The independence of the body. Only in an independent individual can an equal "political contract" be produced, and there will be a democratic self. The second is the weakening of the external power or the vacuum, the initial stage of the establishment of the self-governing organization is very fragile, requires a rare external environment, too strong external power invasion will destroy the independence of the self-governing organization, and the independent equality between the members, so that the autonomous group To become an external right when the name of the organization is to be saved. Now, at the time of the grass-roots democratic construction, it is a very important step to define the power of the grass-roots self-government organization. If the basic autonomy is too broad to have the risk of power abuse, if the power is limited, the grass-roots democracy in that form of an act, the system of self-government of the colonial and rural areas of the North America is a little more important to the democratic construction of the grass-
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712.3

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