阿尔基比阿德斯和雅典民主政治

发布时间：2019-04-07 17:33

【摘要】： 在古希腊史上,雅典人阿尔基比阿德斯是一位具有戏剧性和争议性的历史人物,是伯罗奔尼撒战争后期表现活跃的军事将领和政治家。有人说他可能是雅典人中最聪明的人,拥有着超乎常人的天赋和能力;但也有人质疑他的道德与野心,强盛的欲望和不端的秉性使其被史家所诟病。他的优点和缺点皆是如此的突出,单凭哪一样都足以令其名垂史册。正如奈波斯所载,“造化像是有意在此人身上显其神功,因为所有记述过他的人均认定,无论是缺点抑或优点均无出其右者。” 阿尔基比阿德斯是雅典民主政治造就的一名杰出的政治精英。在他的煽动下,雅典人决定在伯罗奔尼撒战争后期采取赌博式的军事行动——西西里远征,他亦如愿当选远征将军之一。然而,就在承载着阿氏个人梦想和所有雅典人美好期冀的远征开始之前,在雅典发生了亵渎赫尔墨斯神像事件。该事件以及由此牵连到的亵渎秘仪事件使雅典人担心民主制度将要被人推翻,于是雅典公民大会开始对嫌疑最大的阿尔基比阿德斯进行调查指控,并最终决定将已经身在西西里领兵征战的他召回雅典。虑及回国受审的凶险处境,阿氏在半路逃跑,流亡敌境。此后,阿氏被迫游走于斯巴达、波斯和雅典之间,演绎了一段在其个人与雅典民主政治之间发生的、充斥着叛离与回归、斗争与和解、依赖与利用关系的复杂纷繁的希腊历史。可以说,从阿氏登上雅典政坛到其生命的终结,其个人的生死荣辱以及他与雅典民主政治的分合好坏成为左右这段时期的希腊历史的重要因素之一。作为雅典政治精英的典型人物之一,阿氏在政治上所遭受的悲惨际遇并非个体的、偶然的现象,政治精英们的集体罹难是雅典民主政治的必然产物。造成此种政治窘境的深层次原因大致如下:首先,防范英雄是雅典民主制度所遵循的重要原则之一,防范英雄的思想观念在雅典民众内心当中根深蒂固;其次,僭主政治的阴影笼罩着雅典城,雅典人憎恨僭主的程度比热爱民主的感情要有过之而无不及,他们要将一切有可能滋生僭主政治的企图扼杀在摇篮中;最后,陶片放逐法的实施为防范英雄的思想观念和坚决杜绝僭主政治的做法提供了法律制度上的保障,确保了雅典民主制度的权威和永存。要言之,像阿氏这样的政治精英们正是雅典民主制度和规则的产物,他们遵守着这种制度和规则并为之受难。
[Abstract]:In ancient Greek history, Athenian Alchibi Adders was a dramatic and controversial historical figure, a military general and statesman who was active in the late Peloponnesian War. Some say he is perhaps the smartest of the Athenians, with extraordinary talents and abilities, but others question his morality and ambition, his strong desires and his misdemeanour, which has been denounced by historians. His strengths and demerits are so prominent that any one of them alone is enough to make him famous in the annals of history. As Naboth put it, "the image of creation is intended to manifest its divine power in this person, for all those who have written about him have concluded that neither the shortcomings nor the merits are to the right of the right." Alchibiad was an outstanding political elite created by Athenian democracy. At his instigation, the Athenians decided to take a gambling military operation in the late Peloponnesian period, the Sicily Expedition, and he was elected as one of the Expedition generals. However, the desecration of Hermes took place in Athens just before the expedition, which carried Asher's personal dreams and the aspirations of all Athenians. The incident, as well as the associated blasphemy incident, caused Athenians to fear that democracy would be overthrown, and the Athens Citizenship Assembly opened an investigation into the most suspected Alchibi Adders. He finally decided to recall to Athens, who had already led the war in Sicily. Taking into account the dangerous situation of returning to China for trial, Asher escaped halfway through the country and ran into exile. Since then, Ashi was forced to swim between Sparta, Persia and Athens, performing a complex Greek history of defection and return, struggle and reconciliation, dependence and exploitation between his individual and Athenian democracy. It can be said that from the ascendant of Athenian politics to the end of his life, his personal honor and disgrace, as well as his separation with Athenian democratic politics, became one of the important factors that influenced the history of Greece in this period. As one of the typical figures of the Athenian political elite, Ashi's tragic political encounter is not individual, accidental phenomenon, the collective death of the political elite is the inevitable outcome of Athenian democracy. The deep-seated reasons for this kind of political dilemma are as follows: firstly, the prevention of heroes is one of the important principles followed by the Athenian democratic system, and the ideology of guarding against heroes is deeply rooted in the hearts of the Athenian people; Secondly, the shadow of the tyrannical politics shrouded the city of Athens, and the Athenians hated them to a greater extent than they loved democracy, and they wanted to stifle in the cradle all the attempts that might have given rise to the tyrannical politics; Finally, the implementation of the Law of Pottery exile provides a legal system guarantee for the prevention of heroic ideas and the resolute elimination of unauthorized politics, and ensures the authority and permanence of the Athenian democratic system. To be sure, political elites like Asher are the product of Athens's democratic institutions and rules, which they abide by and suffer for.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K125

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