德国启蒙运动与民族思想之萌芽
发布时间：2019-04-16 17:21
【摘要】：启蒙运动,是世界文化史上继文艺复兴之后又一场思想解放运动。它以“理性”为标志,追求“自由、平等、民主、宽容”的思想原则,在对封建专制制度和天主教会进行口诛笔伐的同时,也对未来的资本主义社会蓝图进行了展望和描绘。这场声势浩大的思想文化运动发源于英国,繁盛于法国,后来在德国进一步达到思想的综合和理论的成熟。 与英、法等国相比,德国启蒙运动起步晚,但取得的思想理论成果却丝毫不亚于它们,尤其是在哲学、文学等方面。德国启蒙运动作为整个欧洲启蒙运动的一部分,基于其特殊的历史背景和社会条件,表现出德意志独有的思想特征,如浪漫主义、民族主义等等。这些特征不仅对欧洲传统启蒙理性产生了巨大冲击,更对德国历史发展产生了深远的影响。 德国启蒙运动时期主要包括了18世纪20年代到70年代这半个多世纪的时间,如果算上托马西乌斯、莱布尼茨等早期启蒙思想家以及浪漫主义运动时期,前可以追溯到17世纪末,后可延伸至19世纪初。由此,可以把德国启蒙运动划分为三个发展阶段:17世纪末到18世纪初是早期启蒙阶段,侧重于德意志文化自信的构建;18世纪中期以后,德国启蒙运动进入繁荣发展时期,启蒙思想家从不同角度对传统的理性主义进行自我反思和批判,并且提出了适合德意志民族自己的启蒙理论,德国特有的文化民族主义萌生出来;18世纪末到19世纪初,启蒙运动在“狂飙突进”的推动下跨入了浪漫主义阶段,启蒙运动与德国民族主义联系更加紧密,并最终促使德国文化民族主义形成,为日后德意志政治统一奠定了思想基础。总之,在这一系列的发展变化之中,德国启蒙运动一步步地走向成熟:启蒙思想家立足于德国自身实际,一方面对欧洲传统理性主义进行广泛传播和深入反思,另一方面也从未停止对构建德意志民族国家的探索,最终完成了传播启蒙思想与构建民族国家的双重任务。 由于德国政治上长期分裂割据,导致德国资本主义经济发展缓慢,资产阶级实力不强。因此德国启蒙思想家不能像英法思想家那样广泛探讨政治、法律等社会问题,而是在哲学、文学、教育和音乐等文化领域进行一系列的变革运动。德国启蒙运动在对理性主义反思的基础之上,形成了浪漫主义思潮和相伴而生的民族思想之萌芽。它推动了德意志民族主义的发展和民族国家的建立,体现了德国近代社会转型的独特道路。
[Abstract]:Enlightenment is another ideological liberation movement after the Renaissance in the history of world culture. It takes "reason" as the symbol, pursues the ideological principle of "freedom, equality, democracy, tolerance". It not only denounces feudal autocracy and Catholic Church, but also looks forward to the blueprint of capitalist society in the future. This powerful ideological and cultural movement originated in England, flourished in France, and then further reached the integration of ideas and theoretical maturity in Germany. Compared with Britain, France and other countries, Germany's Enlightenment started late, but its ideological and theoretical achievements are no less than those of them, especially in philosophy, literature and so on. As a part of the whole European Enlightenment Movement, the German Enlightenment Movement shows its unique ideological characteristics, such as romanticism, nationalism and so on, on the basis of its special historical background and social conditions. These characteristics not only have a great impact on the traditional enlightenment rationality in Europe, but also have a far-reaching influence on the development of German history. The period of the German Enlightenment mainly included more than half a century from the 1820s to the 1970s. If the early enlightenment thinkers such as Tomasius, Leibniz and the Romantic movement were taken into account, they could be traced back to the end of the 17th century. It can be extended to the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, the German Enlightenment can be divided into three stages of development: the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century is the early stage of enlightenment, focusing on the construction of German cultural self-confidence; After the middle of the 18th century, the Enlightenment of Germany entered a period of prosperity and development. Enlightening thinkers reflected and criticized the traditional rationalism from different angles, and put forward the enlightenment theory suitable for the German nation itself. German unique cultural nationalism emerged; From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Enlightenment entered the stage of romanticism under the impetus of the "raging forward". The Enlightenment became more closely connected with German nationalism, and eventually promoted the formation of German cultural nationalism. It laid the ideological foundation for the political unity of Germany in the future. In short, in this series of developments and changes, the German Enlightenment is becoming mature step by step: enlightening thinkers based on Germany's own reality, on the one hand, widely spread and in-depth reflection on European traditional rationalism. On the other hand, it has never stopped exploring the construction of German nation-state, and finally completed the dual task of spreading enlightenment thought and constructing nation-state. Because of the long-term separation of German politics, the capitalist economy of Germany developed slowly, and the bourgeoisie's strength was not strong. Therefore, German enlightening thinkers can not discuss political, legal and other social problems as widely as Anglo-French thinkers, but carry out a series of change movements in philosophy, literature, education and music and other cultural fields. On the basis of reflection on rationalism, German Enlightenment formed the rudiment of romanticism and accompanying national thought. It promoted the development of German nationalism and the establishment of nation-state, and embodied the unique road of the transformation of German modern society.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516
本文编号：2458957
[Abstract]:Enlightenment is another ideological liberation movement after the Renaissance in the history of world culture. It takes "reason" as the symbol, pursues the ideological principle of "freedom, equality, democracy, tolerance". It not only denounces feudal autocracy and Catholic Church, but also looks forward to the blueprint of capitalist society in the future. This powerful ideological and cultural movement originated in England, flourished in France, and then further reached the integration of ideas and theoretical maturity in Germany. Compared with Britain, France and other countries, Germany's Enlightenment started late, but its ideological and theoretical achievements are no less than those of them, especially in philosophy, literature and so on. As a part of the whole European Enlightenment Movement, the German Enlightenment Movement shows its unique ideological characteristics, such as romanticism, nationalism and so on, on the basis of its special historical background and social conditions. These characteristics not only have a great impact on the traditional enlightenment rationality in Europe, but also have a far-reaching influence on the development of German history. The period of the German Enlightenment mainly included more than half a century from the 1820s to the 1970s. If the early enlightenment thinkers such as Tomasius, Leibniz and the Romantic movement were taken into account, they could be traced back to the end of the 17th century. It can be extended to the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, the German Enlightenment can be divided into three stages of development: the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century is the early stage of enlightenment, focusing on the construction of German cultural self-confidence; After the middle of the 18th century, the Enlightenment of Germany entered a period of prosperity and development. Enlightening thinkers reflected and criticized the traditional rationalism from different angles, and put forward the enlightenment theory suitable for the German nation itself. German unique cultural nationalism emerged; From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Enlightenment entered the stage of romanticism under the impetus of the "raging forward". The Enlightenment became more closely connected with German nationalism, and eventually promoted the formation of German cultural nationalism. It laid the ideological foundation for the political unity of Germany in the future. In short, in this series of developments and changes, the German Enlightenment is becoming mature step by step: enlightening thinkers based on Germany's own reality, on the one hand, widely spread and in-depth reflection on European traditional rationalism. On the other hand, it has never stopped exploring the construction of German nation-state, and finally completed the dual task of spreading enlightenment thought and constructing nation-state. Because of the long-term separation of German politics, the capitalist economy of Germany developed slowly, and the bourgeoisie's strength was not strong. Therefore, German enlightening thinkers can not discuss political, legal and other social problems as widely as Anglo-French thinkers, but carry out a series of change movements in philosophy, literature, education and music and other cultural fields. On the basis of reflection on rationalism, German Enlightenment formed the rudiment of romanticism and accompanying national thought. It promoted the development of German nationalism and the establishment of nation-state, and embodied the unique road of the transformation of German modern society.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516
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