进步主义运动时期美国的童工救助
发布时间：2019-04-26 11:50
【摘要】： 童工作为历史上的一种罪恶现象,历来都被正义的声音所诟病,别是在美国这样一个标榜自由民主的国家,更不允许童工的存在。在进步主义运动时期,美国展开了轰轰烈烈的童工救助,使得大量的童工脱离了苦海。本文结合历史学、社会学和社会保障学的基本理论,对美国在这一时期的童工救助进行了分析与考证。 文章对一些专有名词做了界定,并通过对国内外著作的研究,向读者展示了这一时期童工救助的最新研究动态,分析了这些研究在内容上的不足和前后联系上的缺陷,总结了童工救助研究的理论意义和实践意义。在这些研究分析的基础上,文章回顾了进步主义运动之前童工救助的历程,指出了基督教思想、维多利亚主义和达尔文主义对童工的影响,描述了童工的扩散状况和受迫害程度,介绍了童工救助的具体措施,特别是立法救助的发展。但是这一时期的童工救助并没有取得明显成效,童工仍然在继续发展。 进入到进步主义运动时期以后,童工仍然存在并进一步发展。19世纪末20世纪初工业化和城市化的急剧发展使得社会对童工的需求大量增加,童工不断扩散,同时劳动环境却依旧恶劣,童工仍旧生活在水深火热当中。针对这一情况,美国社会在思想认识上发生了转变,人们对待童工的态度发生转变,开始同情童工的境遇,并出现了多种新的童工救助思想,包括了社会导进学说、自由放任经济学说和实用主义哲学思想,这对于童工救助大有帮助。在这些思想指导下,美国社会展开了轰轰烈烈的童工救助运动。教会首先举起童工救助的大旗,基于社会发展对教会形成的冲击,教会开始转变其思想认识,开展了社会福音运动,积极参与社会生活,并在童工救助中做出了自己的努力；民间团体城市定居救助之家和妇女俱乐部则是通过自身组织的具体特点,深入到社区中实施具体的救助活动,并期待通过自身的努力改变社会童工的状况；许多的社会著名人士也通过自身的努力来救助童工,并通过自己的影响力将这些救助影响扩大化；在教会救助和民间团体救助的推动下,美国政府受到莫大的压力,进而在立法上对童工进行立法保障,并将民间救助的许多成果以立法的形式确定下来。通过这一系列的救助,童工状况有所改观,取得了一定的成果。 这一时期的童工救助开启了20世纪童工救助的序幕,其中思想与行动的紧密结合,大量创新团体的出现以及个人与政府活动的互动都是这一时期童工救助的特点,但同时这一时期的童工救助也存在不足,联邦政府立法救助反复不定,法律执行大打折扣,各种民间团体内部存在矛盾,这些都影响了这一时期童工救助的进一步发展。尽管如此,这一时期的童工救助对于我们仍有许多的借鉴意义,对于我们研究美国童工救助的发展,以及我们对于社会发展的认识,都有十分重要的作用。
[Abstract]:Child labour, as a criminal phenomenon in history, has always been criticized by the voice of justice, especially in a country such as the United States, which pretends to be free and democratic and does not allow child labour to exist. During the Progressive Movement, the United States launched a vigorous child labor relief, leaving a large number of child labourers out of the bitter sea. Based on the basic theories of history, sociology and social security, this paper analyzes and verifies the child labor assistance in the United States during this period. This paper defines some proper nouns, and through the study of domestic and foreign works, it shows the latest research trends of child labour assistance in this period, and analyzes the deficiency of these studies in content and the defects in the connection between before and after. This paper summarizes the theoretical and practical significance of the study on child labour assistance. Based on the analysis of these studies, the paper reviews the process of child labour relief before the Progressive Movement, and points out the impact of Christian ideas, Victorianism and Darwinism on child labour. This paper describes the spread of child labour and the degree of persecution, and introduces the specific measures of child labour assistance, especially the development of legislative assistance. However, this period of child labor assistance has not achieved significant results, child labour continues to develop. After entering the period of progressive movement, child labour still exists and develops further. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the social demand for child labour has increased greatly, and child labour has continued to spread. At the same time, the working environment is still bad, child labourers still live in the hot water. In response to this situation, American society has undergone a change in ideology, people's attitudes towards child labour have changed, people have begun to sympathize with the situation of child labour, and a variety of new ideas on child labour assistance have emerged, including the theory of social orientation. Laissez-faire economics and pragmatism have helped to rescue child labour. Guided by these ideas, American society launched a vigorous child labor relief campaign. Based on the impact of social development on the formation of the church, the church began to change its ideology, carried out the social gospel movement, actively participated in social life, and made its own efforts in child labour assistance. Through the specific characteristics of their own organizations, civil groups, urban settlement aid houses and women's clubs go deep into the community to implement specific relief activities, and look forward to changing the situation of social child labour through their own efforts; Many well-known social figures also help child labourers through their own efforts, and through their own influence to expand the impact of these relief; Under the promotion of church aid and civil society aid, the American government is under great pressure to legislate to protect child labour, and to determine many achievements of folk aid in the form of legislation. Through this series of assistance, the situation of child labour has improved and achieved some results. The child labor assistance in this period opened the prelude to child labour assistance in the 20th century, in which the close combination of thought and action, the emergence of a large number of innovative groups and the interaction between individuals and government activities were the characteristics of child labour assistance in this period. But at the same time, there are some deficiencies in the child labor assistance in this period, the federal legislation aid is uncertain, the implementation of the law is greatly discounted, and there are contradictions among various civil organizations, which have affected the further development of the child labour assistance in this period. Nevertheless, this period of child labor assistance for us still has a lot of reference significance, for us to study the development of child labor assistance in the United States, as well as our understanding of social development, has a very important role.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712.5
[Abstract]:Child labour, as a criminal phenomenon in history, has always been criticized by the voice of justice, especially in a country such as the United States, which pretends to be free and democratic and does not allow child labour to exist. During the Progressive Movement, the United States launched a vigorous child labor relief, leaving a large number of child labourers out of the bitter sea. Based on the basic theories of history, sociology and social security, this paper analyzes and verifies the child labor assistance in the United States during this period. This paper defines some proper nouns, and through the study of domestic and foreign works, it shows the latest research trends of child labour assistance in this period, and analyzes the deficiency of these studies in content and the defects in the connection between before and after. This paper summarizes the theoretical and practical significance of the study on child labour assistance. Based on the analysis of these studies, the paper reviews the process of child labour relief before the Progressive Movement, and points out the impact of Christian ideas, Victorianism and Darwinism on child labour. This paper describes the spread of child labour and the degree of persecution, and introduces the specific measures of child labour assistance, especially the development of legislative assistance. However, this period of child labor assistance has not achieved significant results, child labour continues to develop. After entering the period of progressive movement, child labour still exists and develops further. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the social demand for child labour has increased greatly, and child labour has continued to spread. At the same time, the working environment is still bad, child labourers still live in the hot water. In response to this situation, American society has undergone a change in ideology, people's attitudes towards child labour have changed, people have begun to sympathize with the situation of child labour, and a variety of new ideas on child labour assistance have emerged, including the theory of social orientation. Laissez-faire economics and pragmatism have helped to rescue child labour. Guided by these ideas, American society launched a vigorous child labor relief campaign. Based on the impact of social development on the formation of the church, the church began to change its ideology, carried out the social gospel movement, actively participated in social life, and made its own efforts in child labour assistance. Through the specific characteristics of their own organizations, civil groups, urban settlement aid houses and women's clubs go deep into the community to implement specific relief activities, and look forward to changing the situation of social child labour through their own efforts; Many well-known social figures also help child labourers through their own efforts, and through their own influence to expand the impact of these relief; Under the promotion of church aid and civil society aid, the American government is under great pressure to legislate to protect child labour, and to determine many achievements of folk aid in the form of legislation. Through this series of assistance, the situation of child labour has improved and achieved some results. The child labor assistance in this period opened the prelude to child labour assistance in the 20th century, in which the close combination of thought and action, the emergence of a large number of innovative groups and the interaction between individuals and government activities were the characteristics of child labour assistance in this period. But at the same time, there are some deficiencies in the child labor assistance in this period, the federal legislation aid is uncertain, the implementation of the law is greatly discounted, and there are contradictions among various civil organizations, which have affected the further development of the child labour assistance in this period. Nevertheless, this period of child labor assistance for us still has a lot of reference significance, for us to study the development of child labor assistance in the United States, as well as our understanding of social development, has a very important role.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712.5
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