东北德意志日耳曼化研究（12-14世纪）

发布时间：2019-06-03 21:58

【摘要】：10-14世纪,在人口、土地、商业、宗教等因素的作用下,日耳曼人在东方进行了大规模殖民扩张活动,殖民痕迹遍及中东欧各个角落,导致许多地区在不同程度上被日耳曼化,东北德意志则是日耳曼化最为深刻的地区。12-14世纪,日耳曼人的殖民扩张达到高潮,这一时期的殖民活动所导致的最主要后果便是易北河到波罗的海东岸之间的地区被全面日耳曼化,从而为近代德国版图的形成奠定了基础。虽然子在两个多世纪的日耳曼化进程中夹杂有流血冲突及民族歧视,但先进的日耳曼和基督教文明随着德意志移民的涌入与开发建设最终永久性地改变了东北德意志的文明发展轨迹,原本落后、荒凉的东北德意志在政治、经济、社会、种族、文化等方面被打上了深刻的日耳曼烙印。东北德意志的日耳曼化对德意志政治、经济、社会结构的变动产生了深刻影响，，并为后来中东欧国际关系的演变埋下了伏笔。本文正文分为五个部分：第一部分介绍东北德意志日耳曼化的前提——中世纪盛期日耳曼人向东方的扩张与征服。12世纪以后,德意志社会在各个方面都发生了明显的变化,在经济发展、诸侯崛起以及宗教扩张的刺激下,德意志教俗封建主掀起东侵狂潮,他们以强大的军事实力为后盾,以大批移民的跟进为保证,以武力征服了易北河以东广大地区,确立了日耳曼人的统治地位,为该地以后的殖民建设与日日耳曼化奠定了基础。第二部分论述东北德意志在社会经济方面的日耳曼化。随着军事征服的胜利,日耳曼贵族、教会人员及大批来自于德意志和低地国家的中下层移民大量涌入东北德意志,一批批按照日耳曼法建立起来的乡村与城镇随之出现。同时,日耳曼农业技术与土地形式传入殖民区域,东北德意志在社会经济上被全面日耳曼化。第三部分探讨东北德意志少数民族的日耳曼化。斯拉夫人和普鲁士人是东北德意志的原住民,德意志统治者对他们采取了不同的统治政策。对于归顺基督教的斯拉夫人,德意志统治者采取取了安抚、拉拢与同化的政策,斯拉夫人很快取得了与日耳曼人相同的政治经济及法律地位,并在血缘上被同化。对于反抗性较强的普鲁士人,条顿骑士团则采取了分化政策,对骑士团保持忠诚的普鲁士贵族成为统治阶层的一部分并迅速被同化；保持忠诚的平民被划为“自由人”,享有经济及法律上的特权并也很快同化；反叛者则降为农奴,受日耳曼人的压迫。但随着时间的推移,农奴的地位逐渐提高,包括农奴在内的普鲁士人被全部日耳曼化。第四部分阐述东北德意志在文化方面的日耳曼化。由于德意志教会势力在德意志东进运动以及东北德意志日耳曼化的过程中扮演了关键角色,因此,东北德意志基督教本身及其传播带有鲜明的日耳曼特色。同时,德语的普及与土著语言的消亡、日耳曼文学与建筑风格的传播也共同促进了东北德意志在文化上的日耳曼化转型。第五部分分析德意志东北部日耳曼化的影响。德意志东北部的日耳曼化对当时德意志的政治、经济、社会结构等方而造成了深刻的影响。它加剧了德意志的分裂局面、加速了德意志政治重心的东移：对东北德意志乃至整个北欧的经济繁荣出了巨大贡献同时提高了东部农民的地位并促进了老德意志地区农奴制的瓦解。
[Abstract]:In the 10th to 14th century, under the influence of the factors such as population, land, commerce and religion, the Germanic people carried out large-scale colonial expansion activities in the East, and the colonial marks all over the corners of Central and Eastern Europe, resulting in a lot of areas being Germanic in varying degrees, in the 12th and 14th centuries, the colonial expansion of the Germanic people reached a climax, and the most important consequence of the colonial activities in this period was that the area between the Yi-Bei River and the east coast of the Baltic Sea was completely Germanized, Thus laying a foundation for the formation of the modern German layout. Although there are bloody conflicts and ethnic discrimination in the Germanization process of the two multi-century, the advanced Germanic and Christian civilization, with the influx and development of the German immigrants, have finally changed the civilization development track of the northeast Germany, which was originally backward, The desolate Northeast Germany has been branded with a profound Germanic brand in the political, economic, social, ethnic, cultural, and so on. The German-Germanization of the northeast Germany has a profound influence on the changes of the German political, economic and social structure, and buried the pen for the evolution of the international relations of Central and Eastern Europe. The text of this article is divided into five Part 1: The first part introduces the precondition of the German-Germanization of the northeast Germany _ the expansion and the conquest of the Germanic people in the Middle Ages. After the 12th century, the German society has changed in all respects. Under the stimulus of economic development, the rise of the princes and the expansion of religion, the feudal lord of the German religion set off the tide of the East invasion. They are backed by a strong military power. The following follow-up of a large number of immigrants is the guarantee of the use of force to conquer the vast area of the east of the Yi-Bei River and establish the Germanic people. The dominant position of the land for the post-colonial construction and the day-Germanization of the area The second part deals with the development of the northeast Germany in the society. The Germanization of the economy. With the victory of the military conquests, the Germanic aristocrats, the church staff and a large number of middle-and lower-level immigrants from the German and the lowlands poured into the northeast Germany, and a lot of them were set up according to the Germanic law. The village and the town followed. At the same time, the German agricultural technology and land form were introduced into the colonial region, and the northeast Germany was in the social economy. The third part of the study of the northeast. The Germans of the will of the will of the will of the will of the will of the will of the will of the will. The German rulers took a policy of appeasing, drawing up and assimilating, and the Slavs made the same political and economic and law as the Germanic people. To be assimilated in a blood relationship. For the highly resistant Prussians, the Tidon Cavaliers have adopted a differentiation policy, which is part of the ruling class and is quickly assimilated by the Prussian aristocracy, which remains loyal to the Order, and is classified as a "free man" and enjoys the economy and the law. The privilege of the law is also quickly assimilated; the rebels are reduced to The serfs were oppressed by the Germanic people, but with the passage of time, the status of the serfs was gradually increased, including the serfs. The Prussian was all Germanic. The fourth part set forth the East. The Germanization of the Northern Germany in the cultural respect. Because the German church forces played a key role in the movement of the German East and the German-Germanization of the northeast, the German Christian itself in the north-east At the same time, the popularization of German and the disappearance of the native language, the dissemination of the German literature and the architectural style also promoted the northeast. The Germanic transformation of the German culture in culture. The influence of the Germanization of the northeast of Germany. The Germanization of the north-east of Germany was the result of the German politics. The economic prosperity of the German and even the whole of the Nordic countries has made a great contribution to the economic prosperity of the northeast Germany and the whole of the Nordic countries and the land of the eastern farmers
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K516.31

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