西欧中世纪社会中的法兰西斯修士会

发布时间：2019-07-06 11:31

【摘要】：法兰西斯修士会出现在十三世纪的西欧,它的出现有深刻的历史背景。长途贸易的发展导致城市开始兴起,而农业技术的发展,使越来越多的农产品和手工业品进入城市中去,这加快了商品经济的发展,使市场成为城市经济的中心。逐渐定居在城市中的居民成为新兴的市民阶层,城市经济的发展,使市民的力量逐渐壮大,新的社会意识觉醒。他们反对封建制度,要求城市自治,自治的城市成为一个自由的地方,为法兰西斯修士会的出现准备了环境和群众基础。反封建在意识形态的表现是反对基督教会,在城市中出现了反对正统基督教会的异端运动,威胁到了罗马教皇的权威,忠于罗马教皇的法兰西斯修士会得到正统权利的支持,成为反对异端的工具,和教会形成一种互惠互利的关系。法兰西斯修士会的兴起与发展离不开法兰西斯本人的努力。他是修士会的创始人,他对使徒式的生活有狂热的追求,因此他具有使徒般的高尚品德,正是由于这些品德,才把人们吸引到他的身边,形成一个有组织的修士会。也正是这些美德使法兰西斯修士会能到起到纯洁教会的作用,还可以恢复市民对教会的信心,因此修士会得到教皇的承认,能够合法布道。法兰西斯修士会的组织形式不同于传统的修道院,他们居无定所,活动在城市的各个角落。修士们坚守贫穷、谦卑、顺从等法兰西斯规定下来的品德,而且修士会的布道方式简单易懂,还常常使用市场一类的词汇,这更能反映城市的特点,因此修士会受到市民的欢迎。法兰西斯修士会对中世纪大学的神学研究也起了重要的推动作用,哈勒斯的亚历山大、波那文图拉、罗吉尔·培根、邓斯·司各脱、威廉·奥康等修会中的精英都是经院哲学研究的重要学者,他们占据着中世纪大学这个平台,体现了中世纪大学的较高的学术成就。
[Abstract]:Friar Francis will appear in Western Europe in the 13 th century, and its appearance has a profound historical background. The development of long-distance trade leads to the rise of cities, while the development of agricultural technology makes more and more agricultural products and handicrafts enter the city, which accelerates the development of commodity economy and makes the market the center of urban economy. The residents who gradually settle in the city become a new class of citizens. With the development of urban economy, the strength of the citizens is gradually strengthened and the new social consciousness is awakened. They opposed the feudal system, demanded that the autonomous city become a free place, and prepared the environment and mass foundation for the emergence of the Francis monks. The expression of anti-feudalism in ideology is against the Christian church, and there is a heresy movement against the orthodox Christian church in the city, which threatens the authority of the Pope. The Francis monks loyal to the Pope will be supported by orthodox rights, become a tool against heresy, and form a mutually beneficial relationship with the church. The rise and development of the French monks can not be separated from the efforts of Francis himself. He was the founder of the monks, and he had a fanatical pursuit of the apostle life, so he had the noble character of the apostle, which attracted people to him and formed an organized monk's association. It is these virtues that enable the Francis monks to serve as pure churches and to restore public confidence in the church, so the monks will be recognized by the pope and able to preach legally. The formation of the Francis monks is different from that of the traditional monasteries. They live in no place and operate in every corner of the city. Monks adhere to the qualities prescribed by Francis, such as poverty, humility, obedience, etc., and the monks preach in a simple and easy-to-understand way, and often use words such as the market, which better reflect the characteristics of the city, so the monks will be welcomed by the public. The Francis monks also played an important role in promoting the theological study of medieval universities. The elites in Alexander, Bonaventura, Roger Bacon, Duns Scott and William Okang of Harles were all important scholars in the study of Confucian philosophy. They occupied the platform of medieval universities and reflected the higher academic achievements of medieval universities.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K503

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