清朝对外贸易法制研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 01:57

本文关键词： 清朝对外贸易法制研究　出处：《中国政法大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 清朝没有以对外贸易法或海外贸易法命名的专门规范与管理对外贸易的法律法规,但《大清律例》、《大清会典》及事例、各部院《则例》、皇帝在对外贸易方面的敕诏谕旨和经过皇帝御批的对外贸易章程规条等法律文献中具有非常丰富的对外贸易法律法规及相应制度的内容,各种法律文献之间具有明显的互补性,在对外贸易法制建设中被锤炼成为一个主旨、立意和原则清晰的法规体系。清朝建立了分工负责相互配合的对外贸易管理体制,在中央政府所设立的礼部、户部、兵部、理藩院均有一部分管理对外贸易的职能。在户部之下设立专门负责对外贸易管理和征收关税的海关,海关监督由户部提名经皇帝批准,同时也接受地方督抚的监督甚至直接由督抚兼管。清朝政府坚持传统的朝贡体系,使外交与外贸高度统一。清朝政府还建立了洋行制度,通过控制行商来控制对外贸易。清朝初年曾经在东南沿海广大地区实行海禁,民间对外贸易几乎完全断绝。康熙统一台湾后开海设关也仅仅是极其有限地允许对外贸易。它高度控制朝贡贸易,高度控制外商来华贸易及其在华的一切活动。对中外贸易的区域、商品、船舶、商人、货币、经营等均规定了越来越苛刻的限制。控制、限制、阻遏甚至摧残成为清朝对外贸易法制的基本特征。清朝在康熙时设立了闽、粤、江、浙四海关,专门管理对外贸易,查验进出口货物并征收进出口关税。为此,清朝不断建立完善海关管理制度。清代海关征税均有定额,后来正税额定制、盈余比较制、短收赔补制、陋规归公制等形成了关税额的递增机制。因此,清朝关税呈现不断加重的趋势。清朝对外贸易法制不但严格限制进口,而且更加严格地限制出口,甚至限制出口严于限制进口,相对西方国家来说非常落后。清朝对外贸易法制把反走私扩大化,防民甚于防盗,对违反禁令者处以重刑,使商人们动辄违法犯禁并受到严刑峻法的惩处,具有明显的反动性。因此,清朝的对外贸易法制在本质上是闭关锁国的劣法。清朝对外贸易法制形成的原因很多也很复杂。维护作为封建专制统治基础的自然经济是封建王朝的本能。清朝疆域辽阔、人民众多、国力强大等因素也都把中国历史上夜郎自大的天朝上国与天下共主观念极大地强化。而对于满清政权来说,要不遗余力地阻止中外人民贸易和交流以防止异端势力与海外势力联合起来从事反抗满清民族统治的活动,是清朝对外贸易法制形成的根本原因。明末清初的中国充满了发展对外贸易的历史机遇,当时的中国社会具备了发展对外贸易的基础、条件和环境。然而,清政府制定了控制、限制、阻遏甚至摧残为基本特征的对外贸易法制,不论它在外贸法规制定和外贸制度建设的技术层面较前代有多大的创新,都只能强化其劣法本质,其所产生的社会后果当然也就十分恶劣。它不但引发了频繁的涉外争端和冲突升级,还摧残了对外贸易的健康发展,损害了商品经济发展和资本主义萌芽的成长,打击了中国社会的变轨冲动,中国社会被严防死守在传统的老路上缓慢走向贫穷、落后、挨打。
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty , there were no laws and regulations to regulate and manage foreign trade under the law of foreign trade law or overseas trade law . However , there were very rich laws and regulations of foreign trade and the contents of the corresponding system . The Qing Dynasty set up a management system responsible for the coordination of foreign trade . The Ministry of Foreign Trade , the Ministry of Accounts , the Ministry of Military Affairs and the Office of the People ' s Republic of China , established by the central government , had a part in the management of foreign trade . Under the Ministry of Household , the Customs and Excise Department responsible for the administration of foreign trade and the collection of customs duties was established . In the early years of the Qing Dynasty , the sea ban was imposed on the whole area of the southeast coast , and the private foreign trade was almost completely broken . After the unification of Taiwan , the opening of the sea was only an extremely limited permitted foreign trade . It controls the trade of the Chaogong and highly controls the foreign trade in China and all its activities in China . It also provides more and more severe restrictions on the regional , commodity , ship , merchant , currency and operation of foreign trade . The Qing Dynasty established Fujian , Guangdong , Jiangxi and Zhejiang customs , specialized in the management of foreign trade , inspected the import and export goods and levied import and export duties . To this end , the Qing Dynasty established a perfect customs management system . The foreign trade rule of Qing Dynasty not only strictly restricted the import , but also restricted the export , even restricted the import , which is very backward relative to the western countries . In the Qing Dynasty , the anti - smuggling is expanded , the anti - citizens are more anti - theft , and the punishment of the people who violate the ban has obvious reactionary property . Therefore , the foreign trade law of the Qing Dynasty is essentially the inferior law of the closed - locked country . There are many reasons for the formation of the legal system of foreign trade in Qing Dynasty . The natural economy , which is based on the feudal rule , is the instinct of feudal dynasty . China is full of historical opportunity to develop foreign trade at the end of Ming and Qing Dynasty . At that time , Chinese society had the foundation , condition and environment of developing foreign trade . However , the Qing government established the foreign trade law system which controlled , limited , repressed and even destroyed the basic characteristics .

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D929;D922.295;K249

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