7-9世纪中外司法制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 10:20

本文选题：唐朝　切入点：7-9世纪　出处：《陕西师范大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：唐朝司法制度是唐朝法律制度的重要组成部分。本文主要比较研究唐朝司法制度与东罗马帝国、中古印度、阿拉伯帝国、新罗、日本司法制度,以及论述高丽王朝、越南李朝等继受唐朝司法制度的情况、对后世诸朝、少数民族政权的影响情况。通过与东罗马帝国、中古印度、阿拉伯帝国、新罗、日本司法机构比较研究表明,唐朝司法机构设置十分健全,而中古印度、东罗马帝国的司法机构很不健全,二者基本上有审判机关,而没有监察和司法行政机关。阿拉伯帝国直到8世纪时的阿巴斯王朝才正式建立司法审判机构。新罗和日本的司法机构从唐朝继受而来,有很大的相似性。通过与东罗马帝国、中古印度、阿拉伯帝国对比诉讼制度,研究表明,唐对诉讼规定很细,从告发、受理到调解等都有规范,且对诉讼有很多限制。这些限制中有些规定,如亲亲相隐的诉讼限制有一定的伦理关怀,与现代法制中的亲属作证特免权类似。唐朝还有一项调解制度,从乡、里、坊直到中央司法机关,都有调解的责任和义务。在阿拉伯帝国,也允许调解,但是,不是司法官员的调解,而是信徒之间的调和。在中古印度社会里,基层的村社首脑帕特尔也负责调解居民纠纷,说明也有调解规定。东罗马帝国实行的非程式诉讼,即非常诉讼,与唐朝的诉讼程序很相似。都强调了司法官员的主动性和公权力的介入。区别在于唐朝诉讼性质不分民事和刑事,只要有诉讼案件,除了能调解的外,都采用刑事手段来受理。而东罗马帝国时期,延续了罗马共和国以来的司法传统,在受理诉讼案件上区分了民事和刑事,当事人可以依个人情况决定提起何种诉讼,如果提起民事诉讼,被告将受到财产处罚；如果采取刑事诉讼,被告将受到人身处罚。新罗和日本在诉讼制度上,建立了与唐朝一致的先进的诉讼制度。日本在继受唐朝司法制度的同时,也输入了唐朝所代表的中华礼乐文化,所以,在有关回避制度、拷讯制度、诉讼制度等方面,都有儒家文化的因子。与唐朝司法制度内含的维护君权、维护伦理道德的精神和原则是一致的。通过比较审判制度,表明,唐朝司法行政与司法审判分立。在审判程序上,法律对传票、证据的获得、证人的限制、对法官的要求、刑讯、死刑复核、上诉等的规定相当精确,体现了唐朝较高的立法水平。中古印度除了王室法院外,没有固定的司法机构,只能靠官员在各处巡察办案。审判上,也只有对证人、证据的规定,没有庭审和上诉。而且中古印度大多数案件是以神判为主。阿拉伯帝国和东罗马帝国的审判程序相对而言,比较规范,对证据、证人、庭审、上诉等有较明确的规定。阿拉伯帝国审判制度分为专门审理穆斯林案件和非穆斯林案件的两种制度。对穆斯林案件的审理,司法官员必须要根据当事人所属教法派的主张来审理,非穆斯林案件根据当事人的信仰来审理。东罗马帝国案件不公开审理,当事人还需要支付诉讼费,证据由主张权利的人提供。在审判期限上,唐朝不仅规定了审判期限,而且还以单行法形式规定了物权诉讼时效。而罗马法只有诉讼时限和物权诉讼时效。在法官责任追究和保护方面,罗马法没有明文规定。而唐朝律法明确了司法官员的责任和对司法官员的保护措施。通过比较司法监察制度,研究表明,唐朝司法监督制度规范,分为内外两个部分。内部监督是司法机构系统内的监督,外部监督机制是由御史台制度、谏官制度、录囚制度等组成。内外已经构成了一个严密的监察体系。而中古印度没有像唐朝那样的专门的监察机关,只是上级监督下级,国王监督地方。而对于国王司法活动的监督,则是寄希望于宗教约束。阿拉伯帝国的阿巴斯王朝时期,麦查里木院是近似于司法监督的机关。东罗马帝国则没有具体的司法监督机构,而是由各级行政首脑兼理司法,进而监督下级的司法活动。罗马皇帝则监督整个帝国的司法活动。通过比较监狱制度,研究结果表明,唐朝监狱制度已经具有现代监狱四大功能中的三个,即控制功能、惩罚功能和维护功能。而且实行男女犯人分开关押。唐朝的监狱不仅关押自由刑犯人,也有与罗马监狱一样的职能,关押待决犯和临时羁押犯。中古印度、阿拉伯帝国监狱带有明显的惩罚性质。通过比较,结论是,唐朝司法制度成就辉煌,具体如下 1、它是7-9世纪亚洲司法制度的最高成就。7-9世纪,亚洲各国中,印度还在使用宗教法典—《摩奴法论》,没有完备的世俗法律,更不要说司法制度了。只有阿拉伯帝国司法制度可与唐朝司法制度相提并论。但是直到阿拉伯帝国的阿巴斯王朝时期,司法制度才逐步建立起来,王朝的法制还很不完备的。故此,在司法制度的完备性、先进性方面远远不如唐朝。而东亚的统一新罗和日本正处在社会转型和法制继受阶段,正是通过继受唐朝司法制度,才使得各自国家建立起先进的司法制度,走上中古新兴国家的行列,形成新的东亚国际关系格局。 2、它也是当时世界司法制度的杰出代表。7-9世纪的世界上,能真正与唐朝比肩的除了亚洲的阿拉伯帝国,就是地跨欧亚大陆的东罗马帝国了。6世纪东罗马帝国皇帝组织编撰的《国法大全》,尽管标志着罗马法已经发展到最发达、最完备阶段,是欧洲历史上第一部系统完整的法典,也是欧洲近代以后大部分国家法律发展的基础。但它却是奴隶制末期历史上一部最完备的成文法典,而唐朝的《唐律疏议》已经是封建时代的法律集大成者了。 3、唐律所代表的中华法系是中华文明成就的智慧结晶。中华法系在立法目的、理论、法典编制等方面与罗马法所代表的罗马法系存在很大的不同。同时,在古代四大文明区域,中华文明是唯一没有中断的文明形态。故此,中华法系也是四大文明古国中唯一存在的法系。唐律是建立在中华礼乐文明之上的,所以在中华法系影响所及的区域,伴随着唐朝司法制度的传入,中华礼乐文明的制度文化、思想文化也跟着传入进来。正是因为继受了唐律,才传入了礼乐文明,而礼乐文明的到来则改变着当地文化,推动着当地的发展。最终,导致了东亚文化的统一。而“东亚历史文化的统一,乃中国文化向东亚邻近诸国辐射的产物。”①这也足以说明了唐朝司法制度在世界上的地位的特殊。
[Abstract]:The judicial system of the Tang Dynasty is an important part of the legal system of the Tang Dynasty. This article studied the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty and Rome Empire, medieval India, the Empire of Arabia, Xinluo, Japan and the judicial system, discusses the Korea Dynasty, Vietnam etc. following the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty "situation, on the later dynasties, minority influence of national political situation. With the Rome Empire, in medieval India, the Empire of Arabia, Xinluo, a comparative study of the Japanese judicial institutions show that the Tang Dynasty legal system perfect, and in medieval India, the judiciary Rome empire was not perfect, there are basically two judicial organs, without supervision and judicial administrative organs in Arabia until eighth Century when the Empire. Abbas Wang Zhaocai established the judicial institutions. Xinluo and Japan from the Tang Dynasty and the judiciary, is very similar.
With the Rome Empire, medieval India, the study showed that the Arabia Empire contrast litigation, litigation, Tang to fine, from information, accepting to mediation are standardized, and there are many restrictions on litigation. Some of these rules, such as concealment of litigation limitation has certain ethical care, and modern in the legal system of privilege of Relatives Witness in Tang Dynasty. There is a similar mediation system, from the township, in the square until the central judicial organ, have mediation responsibilities and obligations. In the Empire of Arabia, but also allow mediation, judicial officials, not the mediation between believers harmonic. In medieval India society, the grassroots the village leader Patel is also responsible for mediating disputes between residents, indicating a mediation rules. The East Rome Empire implemented non litigation program, which is very similar to the lawsuit proceedings. Emphasize the initiative and judicial officials The public authority intervention. The difference is the nature of the proceedings is not divided into civil and criminal litigation, as long as there is, in addition to mediation, the criminal means to accept. The East Rome Empire, the continuation of the Republic of Rome since the judicial tradition, in accepting the litigation division of civil and criminal, the parties may according to the individual situation decided to mention what kind of litigation, if the civil lawsuit, the defendant will be property punishment; if taken in criminal proceedings, the defendant will be physically punished. Xinluo and Japan in the litigation system, and established the Tang Dynasty consistent with advanced litigation system. In Japan following the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty at the same time, also entered the Tang Dynasty on behalf of the Chinese music culture, so in the avoidance system, interrogation system, litigation and other aspects, there are factors of Confucian culture. And the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty included the maintenance of sovereignty, maintain Aaron The spirit and principle of morality and morality are consistent.
By comparing the trial system, that the judicial administrative and judicial separation. In the trial, the law of summons, evidence, witness restrictions, requirements for judges, torture, the death penalty review provisions, appeal fairly accurate, reflects the high level of legislation of Tang Dynasty in medieval India. In addition to the royal court. No jurisdiction is fixed, can only rely on officials handling everywhere. The trial, only to witness, evidence rules, without trial and appeal. But most of the cases are in medieval India. Arabia's Emperor God sentenced and Rome Empire trial procedures relatively standardized, on the evidence, the witness. The trial, appeals have clear rules. The two kinds of system of imperial Arabia trial system for special cases in Muslim and non muslims case. The Muslim case, judicial officials must according to the It belongs to teaching advocates to hear the case to trial, non Muslim beliefs. According to the Rome Empire case is not a public hearing, the parties also need to pay legal fees and evidence provided by the rights of people. In the trial period, the Tang Dynasty not only set the trial period, but also by special law the real right limitation. But Rome law only has the lawsuit and the real limitation. The judge responsibility and protection, Rome law does not expressly. But the Tang Dynasty has made clear the judicial officials and the responsibility of the protection measures for judicial officials.
Through the comparison of the judicial supervision system, research shows that the Tang Dynasty judicial supervision system, divided into two parts. Internal supervision is the supervision of the judiciary system, external supervision mechanism is composed of Yushitai system, admonisher system, recording system etc. and has formed a strict supervision system. And in medieval India not like the Tang Dynasty that the special supervision organs, supervision is lower, the king and the king. The supervision of local judicial supervision activities, is in the hope of religious constraints. The Empire of Arabia's Abbas Dynasty, Tarim academy Mai Cha is approximate to the judicial supervision. Rome Empire has no specific judicial supervision. But by the administrative leaders at all levels of administrative jurisdiction, and supervise the judicial activities. Rome is the emperor of the Empire supervision and judicial activities.
Through the comparison of the prison system, the results show that the prison system of the Tang Dynasty has three modern prison four functions, namely, control function, penalty function and maintenance function. And men and women prisoners held separately. The Tang Dynasty not only for freedom penalty prisoners, and Rome have the same function of the prison, detention pending crime and temporary custody of prisoners. In medieval India, the Empire of Arabia prison with obvious nature of the punishment.
By comparison, the conclusion is that the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty has made brilliant achievements, as follows.
1, it is the judicial system of the 7-9 century Asian highest achievement in the.7-9 century, Asian countries, India still use religious code - < manu law >, no secular law perfect, not to mention the judicial system. Only the Empire of Arabia judicial system and judicial system of the Tang Dynasty can be compared. But until the Empire of Arabia the Abbas Dynasty, the judicial system was gradually established, the legal system is still not complete Dynasty. Therefore, the completeness of the judicial system, the advanced sex is far less than the Tang Dynasty. And the reunification of Xinluo in East Asia and Japan is in the social transformation and legal succession stage, it is through the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty, which makes the each country to establish advanced judicial system, go on in emerging countries ranks, formed the new pattern of international relations in East Asia.
2, it is also the time of the world judicial system of outstanding representatives of the.7-9 century in the world, can really equate with Tang Dynasty except the Asian empire of Arabia, is across Eurasia, East Rome Empire.6 century Rome Empire emperor compiles < corpusjuriscivilis >, although Rome marked method has been developed to the most developed. The most complete stage, is Europe's first system complete code, is also the modern European after the foundation of the development of law in most countries. But it is the end of slavery history one of the most complete written code, and the law of the Tang Dynasty Tang Shu Yi "is the master of law > a feudal era.
3, Tang on behalf of the Chinese legal system is the crystallization of wisdom of the Chinese civilization. The Chinese legal system in the legislative purpose, theory, code and other aspects of the law of Rome on behalf of the Rome law is very different. At the same time, in the area of the four ancient civilizations, Chinese civilization is the only one without interruption form. Therefore, the existence and uniqueness the law of the Chinese legal system is also the four ancient civilizations in the Tang Dynasty. It is established on the basis of the Chinese civilization, so that in the Chinese legal system and regional effects, with the spread of judicial system of the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese civilization system culture, ideology and culture also follow the incoming in. Because it is affected by the following Tang Dynasty, it was introduced to the ritual of civilization, civilization and the arrival of changing the local culture, to promote local development. Finally, the unity of the East Asian cultures. The "unity of East Asian history and culture, is the culture of China to the East The product of the radiation of the neighboring countries. (1) this also illustrates the special status of the Tang Dynasty's judicial system in the world.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K242

【引证文献】