明代九边军镇体制研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 01:01

本文选题：明代 + 九边　；参考：《东北师范大学》2005年博士论文

【摘要】：张廷玉本《明史》呈现两种九边说法并存的局面。其中《地理志》九边说法继承王鸿绪本《明史稿》而来,而后者又继承万斯同本《明史·地理志》而来,而万斯同本《明史·地理志》继承明代许论《九边图论》九边说法演变脉络。张廷玉本《明史·兵志》九边说法为《明史》各版本所独有,实直接继承明代魏焕《皇明九边考》九边说法演变脉络。《九边图论》与《皇明九边考》两种九边说法,分别遵循地理意义与军事制度意义而书写,成为明代两种影响最大的九边说法,两种说法的共同局限是缺乏对于军镇建置标志的探讨。但此外,明清时期尚流传其他八种九边说法。北边大将镇守制度下,将领镇守一方、自主行动、便宜行事、军法从事,并且综治军民,实际上便具有节制都司卫所的权力,形成军政合一的镇守模式,从而为九边总兵镇守制度开创了制度渊源。塞王守边制度在继承大将镇守制度的基础上,不仅发展了地理格局,从而在北边形成九处核心重地的格局,为九边总兵镇守制度奠定了地理格局。而且大将镇守制度因缘于塞王守边制度的到来,逐渐发生转变,开始偏重以中级将领镇守较小区域,基本已演为九边总兵镇守制度形式。二者从而构成了九边总兵镇守制度的制度渊源与地理基础。总兵镇守制度在元代已有萌芽,大将镇守制度在一定程度上即是此种形式,但至洪武晚期,开始明确以总兵官作为将领职任,固定镇守一地,从而逐渐形成九边总兵镇守制度。总兵镇守制度节制都司卫所,镇守一方、自主行动、便宜行事、军法从事,并且在军事行动方面具有控制布、按二司的权力,此外,总兵官尚可督理钱粮,从而在一定程度上实行军政合一模式。九边诸镇自东而西依次为辽东镇、蓟州镇、宣府镇、大同镇、山西镇、延绥镇、陕西镇、宁夏镇与固原镇。若以建置时间排序,分别为甘肃镇、宁夏镇、宣府镇、大同镇、辽东镇、蓟州镇、延绥镇、陕西镇与山西镇。其中蓟州镇于嘉靖时期分出昌平镇、保定镇,陕西镇于万历时期分出临洮镇,但并未对九边格局形成大的影响,故而仍然延续九边旧称。总兵使职体系逐渐呈现地方化、制度化的趋势,相应逐渐渗透、虚化都司卫所制度,两种制度遂呈现逐渐合一的趋势,但终明一代,仍然维持两种制度并存的格局。明前期,明朝主要通过宦官镇守制度制约总兵镇守制度,从而形成内外相制格局。洪熙时期,明朝开始于军镇建立参赞制度。宣德以后,鉴于屯田制度逐渐废坏,总兵职任体系与宦官职任体系多有不法,遂逐渐于九边设置巡抚,管理粮饷、监察官员、听理词讼,故而,宣德后期至嘉靖初期,九边遂呈现三节帅格局。巡抚的设置,在增重九边权力的同时,分割了总兵官管理粮饷、听理词讼之权,从而在军镇内部形成军政分离模式,但军镇整体仍为军政合一模式,而且军镇对于腹里文官体制的控制增强。嘉靖中期以后,九边军镇体制进入以文统武格局。总督实为加强各镇联系、统合一镇之权所设,故而节制多镇,节制巡抚与总兵官,从而一方面集合了分散的军镇权力,另一方面却无法具体管理诸镇,军镇具体事务仍基本由巡抚与总兵官负责,仍然维持军镇内部制约机制,从而成为九边不至坐大的因素之一。故而,九边是明朝自洪武至嘉靖年间,为防御蒙古、防卫京师,并随着边防内地化进程的发展而最终完成的,以总兵镇守制度为标志,由巡抚制度、总督制度进一步完善的九处军事重镇。
[Abstract]:Zhang Tingyu, "Ming history >" presents the coexistence of two kinds of nine sides. Among them, the nine sides of geography inherit Wang Hongxu's manuscript of Ming history, and the latter inherit Wan Shi Tong's book of Ming history. The nine side, which is unique to the various versions of the Ming history, directly inherits the evolution vein of the Ming Dynasty Wei Hwan, the imperial nine side examination, and the nine sides of the Ming Dynasty. The nine sides chart theory and the imperial nine side examination two kinds of nine sides, respectively follow the geographical meaning and the military system meaning respectively, and become the two most influential nine sides of the Ming Dynasty, and the common limitations of two statements are lack. However, there were eight other nine sides in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Under the northern side of the grand commanding system, the generals keep one side, act independently, act well, engage in military law, and take a comprehensive treatment of the army and the people. In fact, they have the power to control all the guards, and form a mode of keeping the army and politics together, thus creating the system origin for the nine side army. Not only has developed the geographical pattern, thus formed the nine core heavy ground pattern in the north, and laid a geographical pattern for the nine side of the general army's calm system. Moreover, the system of the great general is due to the arrival of the defensive system of the king of stopper, gradually changing, and began to weigh the middle generals to keep the smaller area, and basically has been the form of the nine side army. The two constitute the origin and geographical basis of the nine side commanders' guarding system.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the system of commanding forces had sprout in the Yuan Dynasty. To a certain extent, the system of the general assembly was a certain form. However, to the late Hongwu Period, the general army officer as a general was defined as a general, and the system of nine side troops was gradually formed. The law is engaged in, and has the control cloth in military action, the power of two divisions, in addition, the general officer still can manage to manage the money and grain, thus to some extent carry out the mode of military and political integration. The nine towns from the East and West are in turn Liaodong town, Ji Zhou Town, Xuanfu Town, Datong Town, Shanxi Town, Yan Sui Town, Shaanxi Town, Ningxia town and Guyuan town. Gansu Town, Ningxia Town, Xuanfu Town, Datong Town, Liaodong Town, Ji Zhou Town, Yan Sui Town, Shaanxi town and Shanxi town. In the Jiajing period, the town of Changping, Baoding and Shaanxi separated from Lintao town in the Wanli period, but it did not have a big influence on the nine side pattern, so it still continued the nine sides. Gradually, the trend of local and institutionalized, the corresponding gradual infiltration, the deficiency of the system of all two kinds of systems, then the trend of the gradual convergence of the system, but the last Ming Dynasty, still maintain the pattern of the coexistence of the two systems. The Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty mainly through the eunuch system of calm system, thus forming a pattern of internal and external system.
In the period of the Hong hee period, the Ming Dynasty began to establish the counsellor system in Yu Jun town. After Xuan De, in view of the gradual abolition of the system of Tun Tian, the system of office and office and eunuchs system had many illegality, and then the governor was set up on the nine side, the administration of the pay, the supervision of officials, and the hearing of the words, so the nine side showed three handsome patterns. At the same time, at the same time of increasing the power of the ninth weight, the army officers were divided into the management of the wages and the right to listen to the lawsuit, thus forming a military and political separation model within the army Town, but the whole army and town was still a mode of military and political integration, and the army town strengthened the control of the civil service system in the abdomen. After the mid period of the Jiajing, the nine military towns system entered the pattern of military and military affairs. Strengthen each
The town connection and the power of the one town were set up. Therefore, many towns were controlled, and the governors and officers were tempered. On the one hand, the decentralized army town power was assembled. On the other hand, the town was not managed in detail. The specific affairs of the army and town were still in charge of the governor and the chief officer, and still maintained the internal restraint mechanism of the military town, thus becoming the nine side. 1.
Therefore, the nine side is the nine side of the Ming Dynasty from Hong Wu to Jiajing during the period of the Ming Dynasty. In order to defend Mongolia and defend the Beijing teachers, and with the development of the border defense process in the border area, the Ming Dynasty was finally completed with the development of the border defense process. The nine military heavy towns were further perfected by the governor system and the governor system.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】