先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践

发布时间：2018-05-24 01:31

本文选题：先秦齐国 + 国家管理　；参考：《东北财经大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：先秦齐国始建于西周初期,当时姜太公以首功被封于齐地营丘(即山东临淄境内)建立了齐国,公元前221年,齐为秦灭。齐国经过了西周、春秋、战国,历时约800年。在先秦两周时期是建国最早,灭国最晚,存在时间最为悠久的一个诸侯国。西周至战国在中国历史长河中是占有非常重要地位的历史段落。尤其是春秋、战国,是一个大动荡、大变革的时期,完成了真正意义上的整个社会的大转型,即由西周的封邦建国转移到秦汉以降的皇帝专制的中央集权的封建社会。齐国不但成功地完成了自己的转型,而且由最初的方百里之地的小国,变为方二千里之地的大国；由地泻卤、少五谷、人民寡的穷国和弱国,变为冠带衣履天下、国富兵强的富国和强国。春秋时期,齐国创立了首霸中原的不朽功业；战国时期,齐国堪称七雄之冠,曾经建立了王业和帝业。当时东齐、西秦与南楚三足鼎立,齐国最有希望统一中国,然而却终为秦灭。齐国的兴盛与衰败无不包涵着丰富的国家管理的成功经验和惨痛教训。无论是成功经验,还是惨痛教训都值得今人研究和总结。基于此,本论文试图通过对先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践进行全面而系统的研究,并结合现代国家管理的理论与方法,力争将二者耦合,以求对我国当代国家管理有所裨益。本论文借鉴我国古代及当代史学、文化学、管理学理论的合理成分,运用唯物辩证法、历史辩证法、考据法、个案分析法、系统分析法、结构功能分析法、综合归纳法、比较法、多重证法等,对文献资料、考古资料,尤其新发现的资料,进行多维思考,科学判断,对先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践进行了创新性的探讨。本论文从内容上看,分为“先秦齐国的国家管理理念与特征研究”、“先秦齐国的政治管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的经济管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的军事管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的法律管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的外交管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的社会管理思想与实践研究”、“先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践的历史地位与当代影响”等八个部分。第一部分“先秦齐国的国家管理理念与特征研究”,主要讲了先秦齐国的国家管理体制的六个特点：其一,重视农业和工商业；其二,政治上以民为本；第三,选贤任能与人尽其才；其四,礼法并重；其五,注重教化成俗；其六,重视和谐社会建设。第二部分“先秦齐国的政治管理思想与实践研究”,主要讲了西周、春秋、战国三个时期先秦齐国的政治管理思想与实践。其中,在西周时期,主要论述了姜太公在政治上的建国方针和当时的政体；在春秋时期,则主要论述了齐桓公、管仲为称霸中原而进行的政治管理方面的改革与实践及晏婴为复霸中原而进行的政治管理方面的改革与实践；在战国时期,则主要论述了稷下诸子百家对政治管理思想的阐述及齐国为适应兼并统一战争的新形势而建立的新的政治体制。第三部分“先秦齐国的经济管理思想与实践研究”,主要讲了西周、春秋、战国时期先秦齐国的土地制度、经济制度及经济发展盛况。齐国由初封时的穷国变为后来人人向往的富国,与它因地制宜地进行了土地制度、经济制度的改革密不可分。第四部分“先秦齐国的军事管理思想与实践研究”,主要论述了齐国为了适应在西周时期配合周王朝征伐周围的小诸侯国、在春秋时期称霸中原、在战国时期顺利完成统一天下的新形势而出现的军事管理思想及其实践。其中既有中国智谋之祖姜太公的军事管理思想与实践,又有对现代社会具有一定影响的《孙子兵法》,还有当时威名赫赫的管仲、司马穰苴、孙武、孙膑、田单等军事家的军事管理思想与实践。第五部分“先秦齐国的法律管理思想与实践研究”,主要论述了西周、春秋、战国三个时代的代表人物及著作中包含的法律管理思想与实践,如姜太公、管仲、晏婴、齐威王及《管子》等等的法律思想与法治实践活动。第六部分“先秦齐国的外交管理思想与实践研究”,主要论述了齐国在西周、春秋、战国时期的主要外交目的、管理原则及外交实践等内容。第七部分“先秦齐国的社会管理思想与实践研究”,主要论述了齐国的文教卫体事业管理思想及实践及民政管理与实践。第八部分“先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践的历史地位与当代影响”则论述了齐国的国家管理思想及实践的历史地位,对当时及后世的影响,以及对当代社会的国家管理尤其是建设和谐社会的启示价值。由于先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践的研究比较薄弱,目前尚未见到从国家管理视角切入的全面、系统、深入研究先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践的学术专著,从这个角度讲,本论文基本上属于原创性研究。主要创新点有以下五个方面：其一,“盖天下”的先秦齐国的国家管理思想与实践的管理目标论。春秋战国是各诸侯国纷起争霸称雄的时代,在这种社会背景下,先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们为适应社会和时代发展的需要,制订了创立霸业与王业的战略,确立了“莅天下、朝诸侯而抚四夷”的高远管理目标。其二,“和谐”的管理价值思想。人们往往看到管理者与被管理者对立的一面,对立常常带来对抗；而先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们则看重管理者与被管理者统一的一面,统一必然导致和谐。而追求个人内心的和谐,人与人之间关系的和谐,人与自然的和谐正是先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们的最高价值追求。其三,“以人为本”的管理伦理思想。先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们认为,管理的对象是人,而人是国家的根本和社会的基石。齐国统治者的“爱民”、“利民”、“惠民”、“富民”、“教民”等以人为本思想,在当时乃至后世都产生了一定的影响。其四,礼法并用、阴阳协调的管理控制思想。先秦时期的政治家与思想家们对治国平天下都贡献出了自己的智慧,儒家主张礼制,法家主张法治,道家主张无为而治。他们的学说都有各自的道理,但都有其局限性。先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们兼采众家之长,综合为一体,形成了独特的礼法并重,援道入法,阴阳协调的管理控制思想。其五,“与时变,与俗化”的权变管理思想。社会是复杂的,而且永远处于不断变化的过程之中。对此,先秦齐国的政治家与思想家们主张：“不慕古,不留今,与时变,与俗化。”这就形成了有特色的权变国家管理思想。
[Abstract]:Before the early Qin Dynasty, Qi was founded in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, when Jiang Tai Gong was established in Qi Di Ying Qiu (the territory of Linzi, Shandong) to establish the Qi state. 221 BC was Qin extinguished. Qi Guo passed the Western Zhou, spring and autumn, the Warring States period for about 800 years. In the period of the pre Qin and two weeks, the founding of the founding of the nation was the earliest, the most late time and the longest time in the state.
In the spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period, in the spring and Autumn period, was a period of great turmoil and great change, which completed the great transformation of the whole society in the real sense, that is, the feudal society of the emperor's autocratic centralism in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which was transferred from the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Qi not only successfully completed its own transformation, but also changed from a small country in the original square of a hundred miles to a big country in the two thousand mile area; from the land to the halogen, the few Valley, the poor and weak country of the people, the rich country and power of the rich and strong nation, the rich and powerful country of the country. In the spring and Autumn period, Qi founded the immortal work of the Central Plains in the Warring States period. During the period, Qi was called the crown of the seven males and once established the king's industry and the imperial industry. At that time, the East Qi, the West Qin and the South Chu had a tripartite balance, and the Qi State had the most hope of unifying China, but it ended in the Qin Dynasty.
The prosperity and decline of Qi are all inclusive of the successful experience and painful lessons of national management. Both successful experience and painful lessons are worth studying and summarizing. Based on this, this thesis tries to make a comprehensive and systematic study of the state management thought and practice of the Qi State in the pre Qin period and to combine modern state management. Theory and method, strive to combine the two, in order to benefit our country's contemporary state management.
This paper uses the rational components of Chinese ancient and contemporary history, culture and management theory, and uses materialist dialectics, historical dialectics, textual research, case analysis, systematic analysis, structural function analysis, comprehensive induction, comparative method, multiple evidence, and so on. This paper makes an innovative discussion on the state management thoughts and practice of Qi State in the pre Qin period.
From the content of the thesis, this paper is divided into "the study of the concept and characteristics of the state management in the pre Qin Qi State", "the study of the thought and practice of the political management in the pre Qin Qi State", "the study of the thought and practice of economic management in the pre Qin Qi State", the "study on the thought and practice of military management in the pre Qin Qi State", "the thought and practice of the legal management of Qi State in the pre-Qin period." "Study on the thought and practice of the pre Qin Qi State's diplomatic management", "the study of the thought and practice of social management in the pre Qin Qi State", "the historical status of the state management thought and practice in the pre Qin period and the contemporary influence", and so on, eight parts.
The first part, "the study of the state management concept and characteristics of Qi State in the pre Qin period", mainly talks about the six characteristics of the state management system of Qi State in the pre Qin period: first, paying attention to agriculture and industry and commerce; secondly, taking the people as the base in politics; third, selecting the virtuous and appointing ability and the full talent; fourthly, the etiquette and the law are equal; and fifth, pay attention to the civilized and popular; and its six, attaching importance and The building of a harmonious society.
The second part, "the ideological and practical research on the political management of Qi State in the pre Qin period", mainly talked about the political management thought and practice of Qi State in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period before Qin Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the principle of the political founding of the emperor and the political body at that time were mainly discussed. In the spring and Autumn period, the main exposition of the Qi Huan Gong and Guan Zhong The reform and practice of political management for the hegemony of the Central Plains and the reform and practice of Yan Ying's political management for the restoration of Central Plains in the Warring States period were mainly discussed in the period of the Warring States period, and the new political system established by Qi to adapt to the new situation of the merger and unification of the war.
The third part, "the economic management thought and practice study of the pre Qin Qi State", mainly talked about the land system, economic system and economic development in the pre Qin period of the Warring States period in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Can be divided.
The fourth part, "the study of the thought and practice of military management in Qi state before the Qin Dynasty", mainly discussed the military management thought and its practice in order to adapt to the new situation in the spring and Autumn Period in the spring and Autumn Period in order to adapt to the small princes of the Zhou Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and to complete the new situation of the United Kingdom in the Warring States period. The military management thought and practice of Jiang Tai Gong, the ancestor of the wisdom of wisdom, also had a certain influence on modern society, the art of war of Sun Tzu, and the thought and practice of the military management of the military family, such as Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Tian Shan, and so on.
The fifth part, "the study of the thought and practice of the legal management of Qi State in the pre Qin period", mainly discussed the legal management thought and practice contained in the three times of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, such as the legal thought and practice of the rule of law, such as Jiang Tai Gong, Guan Zhong, Yan baby, king Qi and Guan Zi and so on.
The sixth part, "the study of the thought and practice of the diplomatic management of Qi State in the pre Qin period", mainly discussed the main diplomatic purposes, the management principles and the diplomatic practice of the Qi state during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.
The seventh part, "the study of the thought and practice of the social management of Qi State in the pre Qin period", mainly discussed the thought and practice of the management and practice of the civil and educational undertakings in Qi, and the administration and practice of the civil administration.
The eighth part, the historical status and contemporary influence of the state management thought and practice of Qi State in the pre Qin period, expounds the historical status of the state management thought and practice in Qi State, the influence on the time and later generations, and the enlightening value of the state management in the contemporary society, especially the construction of a harmonious society.
Since the study of the state management thought and practice of the pre Qin Dynasty is relatively weak, it has not yet seen the comprehensive, systematic and in-depth study of the thought and practice of the state management thought and practice of Qi State in pre Qin Dynasty. From this point of view, this thesis is basically the original research. The main innovation points are the following five aspects:
First, the state management thought and the management goal theory of the state management thought and practice in the pre Qin period of the Qin Dynasty. The spring and Autumn period and the Warring States were the times of hegemony and hegemony in various kingdoms. In this social background, the statesmen and thinkers of the Qi state of the pre Qin period formulated the strategy of founding the hegemony and the king in order to meet the needs of the society and the development of the times. "Come to the world, to the princes and help the four foreigners".
Second, the thought of "harmonious" management value. People often see the opposite side of the manager and the manager, and the antagonism often brings confrontation. While the statesmen and thinkers in the pre Qin Dynasty value the unity side of the manager and the manager, and the unity inevitably leads to harmony. Harmony, harmony between man and nature is the highest value pursuit of politicians and thinkers in Qi state before Qin Dynasty.
Third, the "people-oriented" management ethics thought. The statesmen and thinkers in the pre Qin Dynasty thought that the object of management was man, and that man was the foundation of the nation and the foundation of society. The people of the Qi of the Qi State, "people", "benefit people", "Huimin", "rich people", "teach people" and other people thought, produced one in the time and even later generations. Definite influence.
Fourth, the law of etiquette and the use of the harmonious management and control of yin and Yang. The statesmen and thinkers of the pre Qin period contributed their own wisdom to Zhi Guoping, the Confucianists advocated the etiquette system, the Legalists advocated the rule of law, the Taoists advocated the rule of law. All their doctrines had their own principles, but they all had their limitations. The statesmen and ideas of the Qi Dynasty in the pre Qin Period The family took the lead of all the family members and integrated into one, forming a unique management and control thought that is equal to etiquette and law.
The fifth, "with the time change, and the vulgarization" of the contingency management thought. The society is complex and always in the process of constant change. In this regard, the statesmen and thinkers of the pre Qin Qi State advocated that "do not admire the ancient, do not leave the present, the time change, and the vulgarization." this has formed a special power change state management thought.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K225

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