明清士绅家训研究（1368-1840）

发布时间：2018-06-12 06:28

本文选题：明清 + 士绅　；参考：《华中师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 士绅是通过科举考试而获得功名者，它既包括在职的官员也包括退居的官员，它既包括较高功名获得者，也包括获得较低功名者(如生员或秀才)。获得功名使他们有别于普通百姓，他们属于官方承认的受过教育的精英，儒家经典的习得使他们拥有异于常人的知识和品质。可以说，士绅是拥有道德和智力优势的有才能的男子，这种优势使得他们与官有千丝万缕的联系——他们即将做官、正在做官或已经致仕，这种优势使他们能够得到许多常人没有的特权，这种优势也使他们更有条件完成儒家所赋予的“修齐治平”的人生规划，实现修齐治平的人生发展目标，能够将荣身、保家、治国有机地结合起来。可以说，明清时期，拥有士绅身份，就获得能够实现个人价值及社会价值的最佳可能。士绅的阶层优势及文化优势，使得他们非常希望将这种优势能代代传承下去，这一目标实现的基本条件即是对子弟实施教育，而家庭教育又是各类教育的肇始与发端，并成为其它教育的有益补充。明清士绅实施家庭教育的途径就是通过家训训诫家人子弟。基于儒家思想对于男性和女性不同的性别价值观和性别社会观的规范，明清士绅在家训中对于男性和女性提出了不同的期许，他们希望男性向外发展，走内圣外王之道；而对于女性，则希望她们具有内敛的特点，向内收缩，做贤妻良母。针对男性子弟，明清士绅以儒家思想中的治家、修身、治学等思想作为其训诫的主要内容。治家思想包括怎样处理家庭人际关系的治人思想和怎样获得财富、管理财富、增加财富的治生思想。家庭人际关系中最基本的关系包括夫妻关系、父子关系和兄弟关系，由于此时家长制和宗族制度的强化，使得尊卑、长幼、男女秩序的规范更加严厉，丈夫、父亲、兄长的权利更加优先且责无旁贷，而他们应尽的义务则被弱化；相反，妻子、儿子、弟弟的义务则被强化，他们的应享受的权利却被边缘化。这一时期，由于人口剧增，而传统社会资源又极为有限，使得与人口增长同步增长的士绅阶层的出仕机会并未随之增长，下层士绅及遗民士绅面临严峻的生存困境，加之商品经济的发展及社会对贫穷现象的重新认识，士绅家训中普遍论及治生问题：下层士绅为解决迫在眉睫的生计问题，即便上层士绅也希望子弟把治生当做治国平天下的操练与准备。明清士绅家训中治生思想的成熟，是时代发展推动的结果。强调修身是儒家以一贯之的不变主张，为求外行王者之治，需要内修圣人之道。明清时期，由于理学所处的重要地位，尤其是心学的勃兴，士绅阶层更加强调修身的重要作用，这时，修身的主要方法及内容被反复提及。科举时代和门第时代的家训均论及修身问题，但门第时代士大夫家训中谈及修身，，其目的更多的是为了增加子弟入仕的资本，科举时代士绅家训中论及修身则更多的是希望子弟通过修身渐次完成治国平天下的人生发展蓝图；另外，随着科举制度的愈益“公平化”，单靠科举考试，已不能完全凸现士绅的阶层优势，也许通过科举考试能够一夜成名，而恰到好处的言行举止的修炼却不能转瞬即成，这些也正是拉大士绅阶层与普通百姓距离之所在，所以，为维护本阶层的优势，明清士绅也在家训中大量论及修身思想。作为文化载体的士绅阶层，通过教育及科举考试而拥有特权，他们成也科举，败也科举，而学习成功与否又是科举成功与否的关键，通过读书学习走科举入仕之路，于己、于家、于国都不失为时人的最佳选择，这也与儒家思想所提倡的走“内圣外王”之路若合符契，所以，勉励子弟读书学习，是明清士绅家训中的普遍诉求。而科举取士的绝对标准又使得他们勉励子弟读书学习唯科举是瞻，如科举考试的内容——四书五经——是他们要求子弟学习的主要内容，期待子弟接受早教、期待子弟学习速成，又是科举考试竞争激烈的投影。传统社会对男性和女性有不同的规约，折射到明清士绅家训中，就对女性有迥异于男性的训诫，他们对女性在人生不同发展阶段的期许也不尽相同，他们对女性为人妻、为人母的角色期待更加全面一些，要求她们担当起贤妻良母的角色：襄助丈夫、教育子弟。这一时期，士绅家训中的贞节思想也有强化的趋势，女子保守贞节，既成为士绅家庭择偶时待价而沽的资本，也凸现出士绅家庭女性有别于普通百姓家庭女性的阶层优势。为了女子日后能更好地担当起相夫教子的重任，明清士绅在家训中普遍承认女子学习的重要意义。但由于诗词歌赋等张扬个性、有碍女性内敛的特点而受到明清士绅的普遍反对。概而言之，明清士绅家训中强调母亲教育子女角色的重要性、女性贞洁观、女性学习观等既反映出男权社会对女性的规约，又显示出士绅阶层特色，毕竟，有钱、有闲、有足够的空间，才能够实现士绅阶层对女性居于内、保持贞洁、学习知识、教育子弟等期许。明清士绅通过家训教育子弟，其实施的实际效果如何呢?安徽桐城张氏家族的成功证明了士绅阶层实施家庭教育的成功。张氏家族门祚悠久，与有清一代相始终，该家族获得功名人数之众、官位高者之多、宦迹所历之广，均在当时或后来产生巨大影响，其成功的原因固然是多方面的，但张家历来重视家庭教育应是其中一个重要原因，张氏子弟受到先辈的训诫，在居家读书、外出为官、人际往来中表现特别，正是这些独特之处，成就了张氏家族的成功。明清的时代特色及科举考试的取士标准，使得这一时期，修身治学成为士绅家训内容的主旋律；人口的暴增等现实问题又迫使下层士绅普遍论及治生问题。国家意识形态的儒家化和士绅的阶层特点使得儒家思想成为士绅家训的内核；明清时期，宗族制的强化，又使得家训也表现出宗法性特点，家训与宗族制度相结合，规范着家人子弟；明清士绅家训也表现出士绅阶层特色，只有来自士绅阶层家庭者，男性才能够最大限度地进行修身治学，女性才能够更好地遵循“三从四德”、相夫教子。士绅阶层的系列特权，又使得他们一方面敦促子弟积极进取，以保持不下坠到社会底层，另一方面又通过修身、要求女性居于内、严男女之别、防内外之嫌等来彰显士绅阶层的优势。对明清士绅家训进行挖掘、梳理，揭示其与传统文化的联系，探究其所反映的社会问题及明清士绅对家人应变这些社会问题的期待，将有助于我们加深对历史进程的认识；同时，汲取家训中有益的养分，为当今的文化建设提供有益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:The gentry gained fame through the examination of the imperial examination, including both the incumbency officials and the retired officials, which included both the higher name winners and the lower names (such as the student Huo Xiucai). They have the knowledge and quality that are different from the ordinary people. It can be said that the gentry is a talented man with moral and intellectual advantages, and this advantage makes them inextricably linked to officials - they are going to be an official, being an official or already an official, which makes them able to get many privileges that ordinary people do not have, and this advantage also makes it possible. They are more qualified to complete the life plan of "Xiu Qi and Zhi Ping" entrusted by the Confucianists, realize the goal of the life development of Xiu Qi and Zhi Ping, and combine the glory, the home and the state with the state. It can be said that, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the identity of the gentry, the best possible value and social value could be achieved.
The stratum superiority and cultural superiority of the gentry makes them very eager to inherit this advantage. The basic condition of this goal is to educate the children, and the family education is the beginning and the beginning of all kinds of education, and becomes the beneficial supplement of other education. The way of the gentry to implement family education in Ming and Qing Dynasty is through the passage of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. The family training teaches the children of the family. Based on the norms of the different gender values and social values of the men and women, the gentry of the Ming and Qing Dynasties put forward different expectations for men and women in the family training. They want men to develop outwards and take the way of the inner saints. And for women, they want them to have introverted characteristics, and Shrink within, be a good wife and a good mother.
In view of the male children, the gentry of the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the main contents of his admonition, such as the family, the body and the school of Confucianism, including how to deal with the thought of the family and how to obtain wealth, manage the wealth and increase the thought of the wealth. The basic relationship among family relationships includes the relationship of husband and wife, father With the strengthening of the patriarchal system and the patriarchal clan system at this time, the rules of the patriarchal system and the patriarchal clan system have made the norms of the honor, the elder and the young more strict, the rights of the husbands, fathers, and brothers are more priority and duty bound, while their obligations are weakened; on the contrary, the obligations of the wives, sons and brothers are strengthened and their rights to be enjoyed. In this period, due to the dramatic increase in population and the Limited traditional social resources, the opportunity for the gentry to go up with the growth of the population did not increase. The lower gentry and the gentry were faced with the severe existence predicament, and the development of the commodity economy and the Reunderstanding of the social poverty phenomenon, the gentry family. In the course of training, the problem of managing students is generally discussed. The lower gentry is to solve the imminent problem of livelihood, even if the upper class gentry also wants the children to treat them as the practice and preparation of the world. The maturity of the thought of the gentry in the gentry's family training is the result of the development of the times.
In order to find the rule of the Confucianists, it is necessary for the Confucianists to maintain the invariable idea. In order to seek the rule of the amateur king, it is necessary to repair the sage. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the important role of the gentry was more emphasized because of the important position of Science in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the prosperity of the mind. At this time, the main methods and contents of the practice were mentioned again and again. The family training is all about the problem of self-cultivation, but the purpose of the family training is to increase the capital of the children to enter the country. Just by the examination of the imperial examination, it could not fully show the stratum superiority of the gentry. It may be famous overnight by the imperial examination, and the proper practice of behavior can not be made instant. These are the distance between the gentry and the ordinary people. So, in order to maintain the advantages of this class, the gentry of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is also at home. In the course of training, there is a great deal of thought of practice.
The gentry class, as the carrier of culture, has the privileges through education and the examination of the imperial examination. They are also the imperial examination and the defeat of the imperial examination, and the success of the study is the key to the success of the imperial examination. Through reading and learning, the best choice of people, at home and in the country is the best choice for people, and this is also advocated by Confucianism. If the road of inner sage and outer king is in conformity, it is the universal appeal of the gentry of the Ming and Qing Dynasty to encourage the children to study and study, and the absolute standard of the imperial examinations for the men of the Ming and Qing Dynasties makes them encourage their children to read and study only by the imperial examination, such as the contents of the imperial examination, the main content of his children's study, and the expectation of their children. Early education, expecting children to learn quickly, is also a fierce competition in the imperial examinations.
The traditional society has different statute for men and women, reflecting the training of the gentry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are quite different from the men's admonition. They have different expectations for women in the different stages of life. They look forward to the role of women as a wife and the role of the mother, and require them to play the role of a good wife and mother. In this period, the chastity thought in the gentry family training also has a tendency to strengthen, and the women's conservative chastity has become the capital for the gentry family to sell for a spouse, but also shows that the gentry family women are different from those of the ordinary people. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the gentry generally acknowledged the important significance of women's learning in the family training. However, due to the publicity of the personality of the poems and words, and the common objections of the gentry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the characters of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were generally opposed by the characteristics of the poetry and poetry. In a word, the importance of the role of the mother to educate the children was emphasized in the gentry training of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The statute of women in the right society shows the characteristics of the gentry. After all, money, leisure, and space have enough space for the gentry to be able to live in, keep their chastity, learn knowledge, and educate their children.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, what was the actual effect of the implementation of the gentry by family training? The success of the family education in Tongcheng, Anhui proved the success of the family education in the gentry family. There are many reasons for the great influence of life, but the family education should be one of the important reasons. Zhang's children are admonished by their ancestors, read in the home, go out for officials, and behave especially in interpersonal communication, which is the success of the Zhang family.
The characteristics of the times of the Ming and the Qing Dynasty and the standards of the examination of the imperial examination made it the main melody of the gentry's family training in this period, and the real problems such as the proliferation of the population forced the lower gentry to generally discuss the problem of governance. The Confucianism of the state ideology and the special stratum of the gentry made the Confucian ideology the core of the gentry's family training. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the strengthening of the patriarchal clan system made the family training also show the patriarchal characteristics, the family training and the patriarchal clan system were combined to standardize the family's children. In the same way, the privileges of the gentry class made them urge their children to be positive and enterprising on the one hand, in order to keep them from falling to the bottom of the society, and on the other hand, to show the superiority of the gentry by practicing their body, requiring women to live in, the difference between men and women, and the suspicion of both inside and outside.
To dig out the family training of the gentry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, to reveal the relationship with the traditional culture, to explore the social problems reflected by the gentry, and to explore the expectation of the gentry to the family members to respond to these social problems, will help us to deepen our understanding of the historical process, and at the same time, draw beneficial nutrients from the family training, and provide a useful loan for the cultural construction of the present day. Learn from.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】