楚地出土战国文献中的传说时代古帝王系统研究

发布时间：2018-06-14 06:19

本文选题：古史传说 + 大一统帝王世系　；参考：《复旦大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：本文利用近年在战国时楚地出土的文献，结合传世文献的记载，在包括古史辨派学者古史传说研究结论在内的既有成果的基础上，对传说时代的古帝王系统进行了初步的研究。文章主要从三个方面切入，对以《帝系》等文献为代表的大一统帝王世系的形成过程作了探讨。在第一章中，，我们对楚竹书中记载的尧舜传说进行了研究。文章认为从传世文献和楚竹书的记载看，尧舜禅让传说至少是战国以来学者有相当共识的古史传说，并非某一家派捏造出来的说法。通过对上博简《容成氏》相关内容的研究，我们考释出了排在尧舜之前的一位古帝王——“有虞迥”；由此我们可以认识到：在以《容成氏》为代表的较早的古史传说体系中，尧舜二人都属于虞代。尧属陶唐氏，曾为有虞氏诸侯。“陶唐氏”可简称“唐”，“有虞氏”可简称“虞”，合称“唐虞”，在战国时代指的就是“尧舜”二人，不能据此认为“唐”是“虞”前的一个朝代，这可说明“虞、夏、商、周”四代系统是战国时代普遍的古史观念。“有虞迥”是一位排在“舜”之前的有虞氏帝王，此人和《帝系》等书对舜以前世系的记载完全不能相合，这种矛盾和顾颉刚等学者指出的很可能是虞代始祖的“虞幕”反而不能在《帝系》的系统中找到位置的情况相类，这说明《帝系》等文献为了构建大一统帝王世系，有意为五帝之一的舜安排了一个既“微为庶人”，又可以上溯到黄帝的先祖世系。这种世系显然和地位崇高的有虞氏帝王的世系不是一个系统的，而在大一统帝王世系占据统治地位以后，后者反而被前者淘汰，尧舜的禅让传说也从“有虞迥——尧——舜”的模式被改造成了“帝喾(五帝之一)——帝挚——尧(五帝之一)——舜(五帝之一)”。第二章我们对楚竹书所反映的尧舜之前的古帝王传说进行了初步研究。我们同意裘锡圭先生对《子羔》关于三王降生传说的分析，同意写作时代不晚于战国中期的《子羔》证明以《帝系》等文献为代表的晚期古史传说所记载的，契和后稷皆为帝喾之子以及禹为颛顼之孙鲧之子等说法并未在当时兴起。文章同时认为，《子羔》反映了战国时代对原始三王降生神话怀疑的思潮，这种思潮很可能也为三王降生神话逐渐异化，最终被大一统帝王世系取代，埋下了思想上的伏笔。从《容成氏》记载的古帝王系统看，没有《帝系》以黄帝为始祖的大一统帝王世系。此篇所记载的诸多古帝王都是“有天下”的，因此他们当是先后即位的古代帝王，这对我们理解古书中的相关古帝王系统的性质是有帮助的。从《容成氏》记载“容成氏”、“仓颉氏”等人为古帝的事实看，这些人很可能原来应当就是古帝，到较晚的古史传说系统中才被安排为黄帝臣。从《唐虞之道》以“六帝”指称夏代以前的六位古帝王看，战国时代的尧舜之前的古帝王传说系统是比较复杂的，很难确知“六帝”的所指。战国楚竹书中有一些“黄帝”的记载。从中确实可以看出在战国中期至晚期，黄帝已经逐渐成为古史传说的重要人物甚至中心人物；还有材料说明，虽然黄帝、颛顼本来是上帝，并没有时代的先后，但在战国中期的古史传说中已经出现把黄帝排在颛顼之前，并将此二人作为尧舜之前古帝王的说法。必须指出，从各种情况分析，这种排列只有时代先后的顺序，并没有《帝系》所谓颛顼为黄帝孙，舜为颛顼六世孙等世代系统的任何痕迹。第三章对楚简及其他出土文献中所见的楚先祖世系传说进行了研究。通过学者对出土文献中楚先祖名的考释研究，证明《帝系》等传世文献对楚国自老童以下谱系的记载是比较可靠的。关于新蔡简的“(邑川)(?)”，董珊先生释读为“颛顼”，我们认为是可信的。但考虑到新蔡简的年代，楚国贵族平夜君成在简文中自称“出自颛顼”，应该是把颛顼作为楚国先祖所从出的宗主神看待的，颛顼的性质和楚国始祖老童以下的先祖并不相同，并非人化的先祖；这和春秋中期秦景公宣称得到“高阳”护佑的情况类似。把颛顼看作楚国宗主神，很有可能和在战国早中期楚国力图开拓中原甚至统一天下的政治目的相关，所以顾颉刚等人对《帝系》楚国世系部分的看法很可能还是比较符合实际的。此外本章还就“楚先”、“三楚先”的关系及其相关问题、老童的性别及相关问题、祝融和鬻熊是否一人分化的问题等进行了讨论。
[Abstract]:This paper makes a preliminary study on the ancient imperial system of the legendary age on the basis of the existing achievements in the study of the ancient history of ancient history, combining the records of the Chu land unearthed in the Warring States period in the Warring States period, combined with the records of the literature of the ancient history, including the conclusions of the study of the ancient history of ancient history scholars. The formation process of the lineage of the emperors was discussed.
In the first chapter, we have studied the legend of Yao and Shun recorded in Chu bamboo book. The article holds that the legend of Yao and Shun is at least the ancient history and legends of the scholars since the Warring States period. The ancient emperors, "Yu Xing", before Yao and Shun, were released. Therefore, we can realize that in the earlier ancient history system of ancient history, the two people of Yao and Shun belong to Yu Dynasty. "Tang Yu" is called "Yao and Shun" two people in the Warring States period, which can not be considered as a dynasty before "Yu" is "Yu". This can explain that the four generation system of "Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou" is a universal ancient history concept in the Warring States period. The records of the previous generations are completely incompatible. This contradiction and Gu Jiegang and other scholars point out that the "Yu curtain" of the ancestor of Yu Dynasty could not find a position in the system of the emperor system. It can be traced back to the ancestor lineage of Huang Di. The lineage of this lineage, which is obviously and lofty, is not a system, but after the ruling position of the monarchy, the latter is eliminated by the former, and the legend of Yao and Shun is transformed from the model of "Yu Xing Yao Shun" to the "emperor". (one of the five emperors) - Emperor Zhi - Yao (one of the five emperors) - Shun (one of the five emperors).
In the second chapter, we have made a preliminary study of the ancient monarch legend before Yao and Shun, which was reflected by Chu bamboo book. We agree with Mr. Qiu to analyze the legend of the birth of the three kings and agree with the late ancient history of the ancient history, which is not later than the middle period of the Warring States. At the same time, the article also thinks that "the child" reflects the thought of the myth of the birth of the original three kings in the period of the Warring States period. This trend of thought is likely to be dissimilated gradually for the myth of the birth of the three kings. The ancient emperor system, which is recorded by the ancient emperors, has no "emperor system >" with Huang Di as the first ancestor of the emperor. Many of the ancient emperors recorded in this article are "under the world", so they are ancient emperors who are successively in place, which is helpful to us to understand the nature of the relevant ancient imperial system in the ancient books. In the view of the ancient emperor, he was probably originally supposed to be the emperor of the ancient history of the ancient emperor. From the Dao of Tang Yu to the six ancient emperors before the emperor of the Xia Dynasty, the system of the ancient emperor legend before the Yao and Shun in the Warring States period was relatively complex, It is difficult to know the meaning of the "six Emperors". There are some records of "Huang Di" in the Chu bamboo book in the Warring States period. It is true that Huang Di has gradually become an important figure and even the central figure in the ancient history of the Warring States period, and the material shows that although Huang Di, Zhuan Xu was originally a God, has no time successively, but in the Warring States period. In the ancient history legends, the Yellow Emperor has appeared before the Emperor Zhu Xu, and the two people are regarded as the ancient emperors of Yao and shun. It must be pointed out that, in various cases, this arrangement has only the order of the times, and there is no trace of any trace of the generation system of Emperor Shun as the emperor sun of Huang emperor, Shun as the six generations of emperor sun and so on.
The third chapter studies the legend of Chu ancestors in Chu bamboo slips and other unearthed documents. Through the study of Chu ancestor name in the unearthed literature, it is proved that the literature of the emperor of Chu is more reliable than the records of the genealogical lineage of the old children in Chu state. As for the new Chua Jane's "(yakawa)", Mr. Dong Shan read it as "Zhuan" But considering the age of the new Chua Jane's, the nocturnal emperor of the state of Chu called himself "Zhuan Xu" in Jane Wen. It should be regarded as the ancestor of the Chu state, which is not the same ancestor of the ancestors of the old Chu and the ancestors of the Chu state; this is the middle of the spring and Autumn period. Jing Gong claimed to be similar to the protection of "Gao Yang". It is very possible to regard Zhuan Zhu as the emperor of the state of Chu, which is likely to be related to the political aims of the Chu state in the early and middle period of the Warring States period to open up the Central Plains and even to unify the world. Chu Chu "," three Chu Chu "and their related problems, gender and related problems of the old boy, Zhu Rong and bear bear are also discussed.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K231;K877

【相似文献】