灾害危机与唐代政治

发布时间：2018-06-23 09:44

本文选题：唐代 + 灾害危机　；参考：《首都师范大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：唐朝温暖湿润的气候使其成为中国历史上一个自然灾害频发的朝代。自然灾害的发生，，从根本上而言是一场危机，它的发生使社会各层面受到冲击，迫使社会各阶层做出不同的应对措施，以求平稳渡过危机。一般而言，中国古代自然灾害引发的社会危机，可粗略地概括为两大方面：一是在社会经济方面。灾害给民众的生产、生活带来巨大的破坏，减灾救灾、恢复生产是当务之急；二是社会政治方面。灾害冲击封建统治，政局的动荡为各社会阶层、集团的斗争提供了新的平台。关于灾害危机与唐代社会的应对以往学者关注的重点在于政府的赈灾措施，讨论的问题多在于灾荒救济方面，如仓储的建立、救荒制度的实施等等。政府的这些救荒活动一定程度上缓解了饥荒的压力。但总体来说，政府自我的救助目标永远高于救助灾民的目标，而灾荒的恶化也往往是政府的恶劣表现所致。但过去对这方面的研究远远不够，灾害危机在政治方面的影响和作用也应引起相应的关注。自西汉而来，“天人感应”的“灾异天谴论”严重影响着唐朝政府对于灾荒的处置措施，也是灾害危机和影响唐代政治的理论根据。灾害危机对皇权形成巨大的冲击。身为上天在人间代言人的皇帝在灾后的应对必然是先对上天负责，他们往往要下诏自谴，采取一系列禳弭灾害的行动，如避正殿、减膳、祈禳、出宫女、改元、虑囚、下诏求言等，用现代科学眼光看，有些属于封建迷信，甚至荒诞不经的。其实，从唐代史料看，这些活动有丰富的政治内涵，并会对救灾以至政局发生一定的影响；但就当时的实际情况而言，应该加以具体分析，有些措施对于改善灾民环境、稳定灾民心理、安定社会秩序均具有一定的进步意义，它们与减灾救济活动相辅相成，不能偏废，是不能全面否定的。灾害危机对朝廷政局产生潜在的影响，如，灾害会使太子的确立产生变故；宰相们基于“阴阳燮理”说，而请求辞职禳灾；朝廷党争也往往利用灾害带来的契机展开：地方官的救助活动配合朝廷进行，实行禳灾与救灾两种方式。灾害危机使社会形成动荡。东突厥、吐蕃、回鹘等少数民族的命运在灾荒的影响下发生变化，或盛或衰；灾荒也影响着朝廷与少数民族间的关系；灾害的发生影响到朝廷对待藩镇的态度；灾害带来的最大后果是丧失了生产与生活资料的百姓，在政府的不作为，甚至更重的腐败与剥削下，忍无可忍，为了获得生存的机会，灾民们只好揭竿而起，唐王朝二百九十余年的寿命毁于一旦，灾害是其重要原因之一。认清唐朝各阶层在灾害时期的不同反应，而不是随便地以“迷信”或“荒诞”而置之不理，对于丰富唐朝历史的了解，尤其是对唐代政治的了解是有所裨益的。
[Abstract]:The warm and humid climate of the Tang Dynasty made it a dynasty with frequent natural disasters in Chinese history. The occurrence of natural disasters is fundamentally a crisis, it causes the impact on all levels of society, forcing all strata of society to make different measures, in order to smoothly tide over the crisis. Generally speaking, the social crisis caused by natural disasters in ancient China can be roughly summarized into two aspects: one is in the aspect of social economy. Disasters bring great damage to people's production and life, disaster reduction and disaster relief, recovery of production is the top priority; second, social and political aspects. Disasters hit feudal rule and political unrest provided a new platform for the struggles of various social strata and groups. About the disaster crisis and the response of the Tang Dynasty the scholars paid attention to the relief measures of the government and discussed the problems of relief such as the establishment of storage the implementation of famine relief system and so on. To some extent, the government's relief activities have eased the pressure of famine. But on the whole, the government's goal of self-relief is always higher than that of the disaster victims, and the worsening of famine is often caused by the bad performance of the government. However, the past research on this aspect is far from enough, and the influence and effect of disaster crisis on politics should be paid more attention. Since the Western Han Dynasty, the theory of "Natural and Human Induction" has seriously affected the measures taken by the Tang government to deal with famine, and it is also the theoretical basis for the disaster crisis and the influence on the politics of the Tang Dynasty. The disaster crisis had a great impact on imperial power. The emperor, who is the spokesman of heaven on earth, must be responsible to heaven after the disaster. They often have to punish themselves by taking a series of actions to eliminate disasters, such as avoiding the main hall, reducing meals, praying, leaving the palace, changing the Yuan Dynasty, and worrying about the prisoners. From the modern scientific point of view, some of them belong to feudal superstition or even absurd. In fact, from the historical data of the Tang Dynasty, these activities have rich political connotations and will have a certain impact on disaster relief and even the political situation. However, as far as the actual situation at that time is concerned, it should be analyzed concretely, and some measures have been taken to improve the environment of the victims of disaster. It is of great significance to stabilize the psychology and social order of the victims. They complement each other with the disaster reduction and relief activities, and cannot be abandoned, nor can they be completely negated. The disaster crisis has a potential impact on the political situation of the court, for example, the disaster will cause changes in the establishment of the crown prince, and the prime ministers, based on the theory of "Yin and Yang Xie Li", have requested to resign to limit the disaster; The party contention of the court often takes advantage of the opportunity brought by the disaster: the rescue activities of the local officials are carried out with the court, and the disaster relief are carried out in two ways. The disaster crisis destabilized society. The fate of the minorities such as East Turkic, Tubo, Uighur and so on has changed under the influence of famine, the famine also affects the relationship between the court and the minority nationalities, the occurrence of disaster affects the attitude of the court towards the town. The greatest consequence of the disaster is that the people who have lost their production and means of subsistence are unable to bear the consequences of government inaction, or even more serious corruption and exploitation. In order to get a chance to survive, the victims have to rise up. The life span of 290 years in Tang Dynasty was destroyed, and disaster was one of the important reasons. It is beneficial to enrich the historical understanding of Tang Dynasty, especially to understand the politics of Tang Dynasty, by recognizing the different reactions of all classes in the Tang Dynasty during the disaster period, instead of ignoring it casually by "superstition" or "absurdity".
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K242

【引证文献】