清朝乾隆时期哈萨克政策研究
发布时间：2018-07-15 13:46
【摘要】：清朝的乾隆时期,是有清一代哈萨克政策形成并奠定基本格局的重要时期。这一时期所制定的有关哈萨克的政策与办法,成为了日后清朝政府在处理有关哈萨克事务时所必须遵循的所谓“祖宗之制”。因此,若要全面深刻地理解与把握有清一代哈萨克政策的内涵,就必须对乾隆时期的哈萨克政策形成、发展、完善、定型的来龙去脉,进行认真而详尽的研究。 本文在充分了解、掌握前人相关研究成果的基础上,通过大量细致入微的史料阅读与解析,试图补充并超越前人的研究,对清朝乾隆时期的哈萨克政策作出新的而且是更加深入全面的论述。本文所采取的研究方法是最简单,也是最耗费时间、精力的史料解析法,最大限度地辑录史料,排列、对比史料,在大量读史札记的基础上,力图尽可能地回到历史的语境中,去重新理解与把握乾隆时期哈萨克政策的方方面面。 本文共分为六章内容。第一章是导论,主要包括选题缘起,相关学术史的梳理与评价,研究资料的范围、搜集、整理与利用,以及论文的总体架构。第二章通过对清朝与哈萨克早期隔阂与最初接触过程的论述,对乾隆朝哈萨克政策形成过程中的因素进行了深入研究。这样一个厄鲁特因素的揭示与强调,为第三章讨论哈萨克越界游牧问题做了必要的铺垫。清朝在征服准噶尔之后,便宣布将准噶尔辖地归入清朝的版疆,并且在与哈萨克建立朝贡关系之初,就要求哈萨克承认这一变化。尽管如此,在清哈关系史最初的十几年中,清朝对准噶尔旧游牧地的拥有权,却屡屡遭到来自哈萨克越界游牧问题的挑战。乾隆三十二年(1767),清朝最终采取了一个灵活的解决办法,允许哈萨克在清朝西北卡外界内区域游牧,条件是哈萨克要向清朝交纳百分之一的马匹,以充贡赋。这个办法既可以保证清朝政府对西北卡外界内领土的所有权和支配权,又可以照顾到哈萨克作为个游牧民族的生产、生活的现实需求。第四章讨论了清朝为防范哈萨克而构建西北边防体系的过程。随着越界游牧问题的解决,以及西北边防体系建设工作的初步完成,清朝与哈萨克的关系开始进入到一个更加稳定,更加融洽的新阶段。第五章讨论了清朝与哈萨克关系史中的一项最重要内容——绢马贸易。对清朝而言,这种贸易绝不仅仅只是一种以羁縻、控制为主要目的朝贡贸易。哈萨克的牲只马匹,对于当时的清朝而言,绝非是可有可无的普通贸易品,而是需求量非常大的特殊贸易品。清朝政府积极地同哈萨克开展绢马贸易,是为了“懋迁有无”,主要追求的是经济上的“甚为有益”。大量而廉价地换购哈萨克的牲只马匹,无论是在清朝统一西域的战时,还是在经营治理新疆的战后,对清朝政府而言,都具有重大的战略意义,不仅可以有效地安定清朝西北的内外藩,而且还可以极大地减轻清朝的财政负担,使统一西域的伟业,不仅具有政治、军事上的积极意义,而且在经济上,也可以获得一定的回报和有益的补充。最后一章结语部分,主要是对全文的总结,并且通过分析乾隆时期清朝政府对哈萨克的态度与政策,探讨了清朝对西北边疆的基本态度。清朝统一西域的主要目的并不是美国“新清史’学者们普遍认为的殖民,而是为了给清朝居于中心的内地建设起一道稳定而可靠的安全屏障。
[Abstract]:The Emperor Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty was an important period for the formation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy and the establishment of the basic pattern. The policy and method of Kazakh in this period became the so-called "ancestral system" that the Qing government must follow when dealing with Kazakh affairs. Therefore, it should be understood and grasped in a comprehensive and profound way. With the connotation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy, we must make a serious and detailed study of the Kazakh policy in the period of the Qianlong period.
On the basis of fully understanding and mastering previous research results, this paper tries to supplement and transcend the previous studies by a large number of detailed historical data reading and analysis, and makes a new and thorough discussion on the Kazakh policy of the Qing Dynasty during the Qianlong period. The research method adopted in this paper is the simplest and most expensive method. The historical data analysis method of time and energy is used to compiling the historical materials, arranging and comparing the historical materials, and on the basis of a large number of reading notes, trying to return to the historical context as much as possible to re understand and grasp all aspects of the Kazakh policy in the Qianlong period.
This article is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly including the origin of the topic, the combing and evaluation of the related academic history, the scope of the research, the collection, collation and utilization, and the overall structure of the paper. The second chapter, through the discussion of the early estrangement between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak and the initial contact process, the formation process of the Kazakh policy of the Qianlong Dynasty. In the third chapter, the third chapter made the necessary paving for the problem of the Kazak transboundary nomadic problem. After the Qing Dynasty conquered Junggar, the Qing Dynasty declared that the Junggar jurisdiction was returned to the Qing Dynasty, and at the beginning of the relationship with Kazakh, Kazakh was asked to admit it. However, in the first decade of the history of the relations between the Qing and Kazakhstan, the Qing Dynasty aimed at the possession of the old pastoral land of Kazakhstan, but was repeatedly challenged by the Kazakh transboundary nomadic problem. In the thirty-two years of Qianlong (1767), the Qing Dynasty finally adopted a flexible solution to allow Kazakh to nomad the area outside the northwest card of the Qing Dynasty. Kazakh has to pay one percent horses to the Qing Dynasty to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. This method can not only guarantee the ownership and domination of the government of the Qing Dynasty to the outside territory of the northwest card, but also take care of the practical needs of the Kazak as a nomadic people. The fourth chapter discusses the construction of the northwest border for the Qing Dynasty in order to prevent Kazakh. The process of preventing the system. With the settlement of the transboundary nomadic problems and the preliminary completion of the construction of the northwest frontier defense system, the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Kazakh began to enter a more stable and more harmonious new stage. The fifth chapter discussed the most important part of the history of the relations between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak, the silk horse trade. The trade of Kazakhstan, the horse of the Kazakh, was not an ordinary trade, but a very large demand. The government of the Qing Dynasty was actively engaged in the trade with hassak to carry out the silk horse trade, in order to "make a great move or not". The economic "very beneficial" is to be pursued. A large and cheap exchange of horse horses for Kazakh is of great strategic significance to the Qing government, not only in the wartime of the United States in the Qing Dynasty but also in the management of Xinjiang after the war. It can not only effectively stabilize the internal and external vassal vassal in the northwest of the Qing Dynasty, but also can be very great. To lighten the financial burden of the Qing Dynasty, make the great work of the United western region not only political and military, but also in the economy, it can also obtain certain rewards and beneficial supplements. The last chapter is the concluding part, mainly the summary of the full text, and through the analysis of the attitude and policy of the Qing government to Kazak during the Qianlong period. The main purpose of the Qing Dynasty to unify the western region was not the colonization that the American "new history of the Qing Dynasty" generally believed, but to build a stable and reliable security barrier for the construction of the central mainland in the Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2124269
[Abstract]:The Emperor Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty was an important period for the formation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy and the establishment of the basic pattern. The policy and method of Kazakh in this period became the so-called "ancestral system" that the Qing government must follow when dealing with Kazakh affairs. Therefore, it should be understood and grasped in a comprehensive and profound way. With the connotation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy, we must make a serious and detailed study of the Kazakh policy in the period of the Qianlong period.
On the basis of fully understanding and mastering previous research results, this paper tries to supplement and transcend the previous studies by a large number of detailed historical data reading and analysis, and makes a new and thorough discussion on the Kazakh policy of the Qing Dynasty during the Qianlong period. The research method adopted in this paper is the simplest and most expensive method. The historical data analysis method of time and energy is used to compiling the historical materials, arranging and comparing the historical materials, and on the basis of a large number of reading notes, trying to return to the historical context as much as possible to re understand and grasp all aspects of the Kazakh policy in the Qianlong period.
This article is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly including the origin of the topic, the combing and evaluation of the related academic history, the scope of the research, the collection, collation and utilization, and the overall structure of the paper. The second chapter, through the discussion of the early estrangement between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak and the initial contact process, the formation process of the Kazakh policy of the Qianlong Dynasty. In the third chapter, the third chapter made the necessary paving for the problem of the Kazak transboundary nomadic problem. After the Qing Dynasty conquered Junggar, the Qing Dynasty declared that the Junggar jurisdiction was returned to the Qing Dynasty, and at the beginning of the relationship with Kazakh, Kazakh was asked to admit it. However, in the first decade of the history of the relations between the Qing and Kazakhstan, the Qing Dynasty aimed at the possession of the old pastoral land of Kazakhstan, but was repeatedly challenged by the Kazakh transboundary nomadic problem. In the thirty-two years of Qianlong (1767), the Qing Dynasty finally adopted a flexible solution to allow Kazakh to nomad the area outside the northwest card of the Qing Dynasty. Kazakh has to pay one percent horses to the Qing Dynasty to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. This method can not only guarantee the ownership and domination of the government of the Qing Dynasty to the outside territory of the northwest card, but also take care of the practical needs of the Kazak as a nomadic people. The fourth chapter discusses the construction of the northwest border for the Qing Dynasty in order to prevent Kazakh. The process of preventing the system. With the settlement of the transboundary nomadic problems and the preliminary completion of the construction of the northwest frontier defense system, the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Kazakh began to enter a more stable and more harmonious new stage. The fifth chapter discussed the most important part of the history of the relations between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak, the silk horse trade. The trade of Kazakhstan, the horse of the Kazakh, was not an ordinary trade, but a very large demand. The government of the Qing Dynasty was actively engaged in the trade with hassak to carry out the silk horse trade, in order to "make a great move or not". The economic "very beneficial" is to be pursued. A large and cheap exchange of horse horses for Kazakh is of great strategic significance to the Qing government, not only in the wartime of the United States in the Qing Dynasty but also in the management of Xinjiang after the war. It can not only effectively stabilize the internal and external vassal vassal in the northwest of the Qing Dynasty, but also can be very great. To lighten the financial burden of the Qing Dynasty, make the great work of the United western region not only political and military, but also in the economy, it can also obtain certain rewards and beneficial supplements. The last chapter is the concluding part, mainly the summary of the full text, and through the analysis of the attitude and policy of the Qing government to Kazak during the Qianlong period. The main purpose of the Qing Dynasty to unify the western region was not the colonization that the American "new history of the Qing Dynasty" generally believed, but to build a stable and reliable security barrier for the construction of the central mainland in the Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 姜雪;哈萨克族史学研究[D];兰州大学;2013年
2 姚焕录;《新疆图志》中的国家认同研究[D];石河子大学;2013年
，本文编号：2124269
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