宋儒对《中庸》的研究

发布时间：2018-07-21 16:48

【摘要】： 《中庸》是《礼记》的一篇，其地位的上升开始于唐代的中后期，其间出现了反复，后经过宋代学人的不断提升，最终成为四书之一，获得了与五经相同甚至超过的地位。《中庸》在宋代地位上升的原因有很多，其中最为重要的就是学人对它的研究。剖析宋儒对《中庸》的研究对于探讨宋代学术史乃至整个中国思想史的发展都有重大价值，但是学术界对此的研究还十分薄弱，存在“重理学人物，轻一般士人”、“重四书学整体研究，轻《中庸》学单独研究”等方面的问题。有鉴于此，本文对宋儒研究《中庸》的具体内容进行比较全面的研究。希望通过此研究，认知到《中庸》与理学、宋学的关系，从而更好地还原宋代学术的本来面貌，进一步拓展前人研究宋代学术的研究视野。儒学危机、《中庸》及汉唐《中庸》学、义理之学的兴起，是宋儒对《中庸》进行研究的学术背景，它们分别为宋儒研究《中庸》提供必然性、可行性和可能性。汉唐以来佛道得到了迅猛发展，在本体论、心性论上日趋成熟，而对于儒学本身来说，它虽然在先秦时期出现了本体化倾向，但这种趋势在汉唐没有得到加强，反而有所退步，这就导致了儒学根本无法与佛道相抗衡。儒学要改变这种现状，就必须在先秦儒学的基础上实现本体化。宋儒对《中庸》的研究，就是看到了《中庸》思想本身具有本体色彩，《中庸》也为儒学的本体化提供了理论支持；此外，汉唐的《中庸》学虽然未能实现儒学的本体化，但是为宋儒的《中庸》研究提供了素材。宋儒最终能够进行《中庸》研究，还得力于义理之学的兴起，也正是义理之学的兴起才推动了宋儒的《中庸》研究。宋儒对《中庸》的研究，，主要包括理学的《中庸》研究和一般儒学的《中庸》研究两部分，其中以理学的《中庸》研究为核心。范仲淹、胡瑗等人的研究，是理学研究《中庸》的第一阶段，此阶段看重的是《中庸》儒家经典的身份，其目标在于对儒学之道的回归，这是针对先秦儒学所讲的仁义礼乐等具体规范和制度被重训诂、辨伪的汉唐经学以及迅猛发展的佛道所掩盖的现状而言的。范仲淹等人通过对佛道的批判以及对儒学道统的阐述，重现先秦儒学的真谛，同时还对《中庸》的天人关系以及一些具体范畴进行了研究，这为儒学本体化奠定了基础。周敦颐、张载、二程以本体论建构为目标的研究是理学研究《中庸》的第二阶段，他们通过对“诚”、“天命”的重构，分别建立了诚本论、太虚论、天理论，从而成功的为仁义礼乐等具体规范和制度建立了形而上的根据，同时按照《中庸》天人合一的思维模式打通了天人关系，建立了真正的天人合一，这是儒学本体化关键的一步。此外，周敦颐等人还对本体的认知和修养的方法进行了探讨，这又完善了对本体论的建构。以朱熹、张轼、陆九渊分别为代表的闽学、湖湘学、陆学的研究是理学研究《中庸》的第三阶段，它们以心性论探讨为目标，这是儒学本体化的深入。闽学和湖湘学通过对“中和”问题的探讨，一方面实现了本体的内化，把性情与心联系起来，分别形成了心统性情、心主性情的观点，另一方面则界定了涵养与察识的关系，深化了对修养论的探讨。作为陆学前奏的张九成则从内在工夫入手来研究《中庸》，实现了对理本体的消解以及向心本论的过渡；陆九渊、杨简等人则直接从本体入手来研究《中庸》，来构建心本论。一般儒学的《中庸》研究与理学的《中庸》研究是同时进行的。以司马光、陈襄等人为代表的《中庸》研究未能实现儒学的本体化，体现出了对传统儒学的延续；另外部分人则针对理学的《中庸》研究而进行的，其中苏轼希望恢复《中庸》的“本来面目”，叶适等人批判了理学的道统论。宋儒研究《中庸》采取了语言解释和心理解释的方法，体现出了“理在经文内”和“理在解语内”的思路，展示了宋儒研究《中庸》的共性以及差异性。宋儒对《中庸》的研究贯穿了整个宋代，具有目的性强、与佛道关系紧密等特点。宋儒对《中庸》的研究对理学体系的建构、理学的发展演变、道统论的发展完善都有密切的关系，同时也促进和完成了儒家经学体系由五经系统向四书系统的转变。宋代《中庸》学史实际上就是宋代学术史的缩影，宋儒对《中庸》的研究是整个《中庸》学史的辉煌时期。
[Abstract]:"The doctrine of the mean" is an article of the book of rites. The rise of its position began in the middle and later period of the Tang Dynasty, which appeared repeatedly. After the continuous promotion of the scholars in the Song Dynasty, it became one of the four books, and gained the status of the same or even more than the five classics. There are many reasons for the rising status of the Song Dynasty, among which the most important is the study of it. The study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean is of great value to the study of the academic history of the Song Dynasty and the development of the whole Chinese history of thought. However, the research in the academic circles is still very weak. There are some problems in the study of "the characters of science, the light of the general scholars", "the whole study of the heavy four books, the light of the moderation of the middle school". This paper makes a comprehensive study of the specific content of the Confucian doctrine of moderation in the Song Dynasty. I hope that through this study, we can recognize the relationship between the doctrine of the mean and Neo Confucianism and the Song Dynasty, so as to better restore the original features of the Song Dynasty, and further expand the research field of study in the Song Dynasty.
The Confucian crisis, the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean and the middle of the Han and the Tang Dynasty, the rise of the theory of righteousness, is the academic background of the study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the Song Dynasty, which respectively provided the inevitability, feasibility and possibility for the study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the Song Dynasty, and the Buddhism and Taoism have developed rapidly since the Han and Tang Dynasties. However, the tendency of ontology appeared in the pre Qin period, but this trend had not been strengthened in the Han and Tang Dynasties. Instead, the Confucianism was unable to counterbalance the Buddhism and Taoism. To change this situation, Confucianism must realize ontology on the basis of Confucianism in the pre Qin period. With the color of the noumenon, the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean also provided theoretical support for the ontology of Confucianism. In addition, although the Confucianism in the Han and Tang Dynasties failed to realize the ontology of Confucianism, it provided material for the study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the golden mean. The study of "the doctrine of the mean" of the song Confucianism.
The study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean was mainly composed of the two parts of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the mean and the study of moderation in general Confucianism, which was the core of the study of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean. The study of Fan Zhongyan and Hu, which was the first stage of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean This is in view of the present situation in which the specific norms and systems of benevolence and ritual and music, such as benevolence and ritual and music, which were told by Confucianism in the pre Qin period, were heavily exeged, the fake Chinese and Tang classics and the rapid development of Buddhism were covered by the Buddhist Taoism. Fan Zhongyan and others reproduced the true meaning of the Confucianism in the pre Qin period through the criticism of the Buddhism and Taoism and the Confucian Taoism, as well as the nature of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean. The study of the Department and some specific categories has laid the foundation for the ontology of Confucianism. The study of Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai and the construction of ontology as the target is the second stage of the theory of Neo Confucianism. By the reconstruction of "sincerity" and "destiny", they set up the theory of honesty, the theory of Tai Xu, the theory of heaven, and the success of Ren Yili. Music and other specific norms and systems set up a metaphysical basis. At the same time, according to the thinking mode of "the doctrine of the mean", the relationship between heaven and man was opened and the true unity of nature and man was established. This was a key step in the ontology of Confucianism. In addition, Zhou Dunyi and others discussed the methods of cognition and cultivation of the ontology, which also perfected the ontology. The study of Min Xue, Hu Xiang, and Lu Xue, represented by Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lu Jiuyuan, is the third stage of Neo Confucianism, which aims at the discussion of the theory of nature. This is the depth of the ontology of Confucianism. The study of "Neutralization" by Fujian and Huxiang studies, on the one hand, realizes the internalization of the noumenon, and links the nature with the heart. As a prelude to the terrestrial study, Zhang Jiucheng, the prelude of the terrestrial study, studied the doctrine of "the doctrine of the mean" and the transition to the centripetal theory; Lu Jiuyuan, Yang Jian and others were straight. From the ontology to study the golden mean, to build the heart centered theory.
The Confucian doctrine of moderation in the general Confucianism was carried out at the same time. With Sima Guang, Chen Xiang and other human beings, the study of "the mean" failed to realize the ontology of Confucianism, which embodied the continuation of the traditional Confucianism; the others carried out the study of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean. Among them, Su Shi hoped to restore the doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean. Ye Shi and others criticized the theory of Confucian orthodoxy. The study of the Confucian doctrine of the Song Dynasty adopted a method of language interpretation and psychological explanation, which reflected the thought of "Li in the scriptures" and "Li in the explanation", and showed the generality and difference of the Confucian Confucian study of the doctrine of the mean.
The study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the doctrine of the mean was carried out throughout the Song Dynasty, with a strong aim and close relationship with the Buddhism and Taoism. The study of the Confucian doctrine of the doctrine of the mean was closely related to the construction of the system of Neo Confucianism, the development and evolution of Neo Confucianism, and the development and perfection of the theory of Taoism, and also promoted and completed the transfer of Confucian classics from the five classics to the four books system. In Song Dynasty, the history of the doctrine of the golden mean is actually a microcosm of the academic history of the Song Dynasty. Song Confucianism's study of the golden mean is a glorious period of the whole history of the golden mean.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K244

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