17至18世纪清政府与蒙藏地区政治互动模式研究
发布时间：2018-08-08 13:16
【摘要】： 与传统的边疆民族政策史、民族史、清史、地方史研究角度有所不同的是,本论文从政治互动的视野,重新考察和诠释了清王朝从后金时代起到顺、康、雍、乾时期(约1616—1795),对蒙古族地区和藏族地区逐步实施政治统辖这一重大史事发生、发展与实现的过程,并运用政治互动类型分析方法,逐一建构并论述了清朝与蒙藏地区各部族政治互动的模式及其形成过程,认为清王朝从后金时代起,就形成了利用藏传佛教绥服蒙藏各部族、扩大政权基础以图中原的战略思维,先后展开与漠南蒙古诸部的相互博弈、建立了与西藏的早期积极互动联系,在实践中逐步与漠南蒙古诸部形成了以联姻-结盟为主要内容的漠南模式,入关之后,根据蒙藏各部族对清朝的态度和所处战略情势,与外喀尔喀蒙古形成了以政治绥服为主要内容的漠北模式,与漠西蒙古和硕特部确立了以羁縻藩属为主要形式的青海模式、与准噶尔部形成了以武力对决为主要内容的准噶尔模式、与土尔扈特部形成了以徕归故土为主要内容的土尔扈特模式,与藏地形成了从间接治理到直接统治的西藏模式,并依时势的变迁由近及远一一绥服上述部族。 从清朝中央政府与蒙古、西藏三方的关系来说,清朝从关外时期就已建构了一种比较明晰的动态三角互动模式,创造性地挖掘并运用这种三角互动架构特有的内在机理,即利用蒙古和硕特部对清朝的顺服关系,通过册封该部首领,实现以蒙治藏,达到了对藏地的间接管理;又通过邀请达赖进京和对其进行册封,借助其宗教影响力控制和收服蒙古各部,即实行以藏传佛教治理蒙古,又依势相机采取蒙藏分离之策,最终实现了对西、北边疆民族地区的逐步收服和有效管辖。在管理上也创造性地采取了多重多样的管辖体制和机构,实施了不同的民族地方立法,实现了较为良性的民族地方与中央政府的互动,达到较好的社会控制效果。 研究中特别注意从后金与蒙、藏民族政权实体和中原与边疆民族(中原与四夷)、中央与地方等三个层面对清朝与蒙藏地区政治互动内容的依次递变和性质的因势嬗变,进行了多层次多角度的挖掘,认为清朝在关外时确立绥服蒙藏的相关战略是其成功立国的开端,也是主政中原后成功治理西、北边疆,实际上也是成功治国的基点之一。其中确立与蒙藏各部族不同的政治互动模式是灵活执行这一策略的重要体现,不失时机地驾驭和应用动态三角互动机制是执行这一策略的创造性试验与施展。 本项研究所采用的视角,所搭建的框架,为研究这一为史学界长期关注的老课题提供了一个新的切入点和观察点,研究结论也必将给人以多方面启发。尤其为今天正确处理族际关系,消除不安定因素,稳定边疆民族与社会,建设与开发边疆,构建和谐民族关系,从而也为建设和谐社会提供一定的历史启迪。 全文由绪论、正文和结论三大部分组成。其中,绪论部分主要介绍了选题的旨意、国内外的研究状况及存在的问题、研究范围与方法、研究重点与资料来源。正文部分,第一章,运用政治互动的概念与类型,总括性的研讨了明朝与蒙古、西藏展开政治互动的背景,构建了明蒙、明藏之间的政治互动模式,分析了明朝控驭蒙藏关系的意图及其失败所产生的影响。第二章,论述了明末清初蒙藏地带民族政治实体并立耸峙,明朝、后金、蒙古、西藏四大势力介入角逐的态势,分析了后金勃兴之优势和其联蒙立国战略的形成、与蒙藏互动策略的创意和内容,划分并总结出清代前期与蒙藏地区政治互动发展的若干阶段,为下文写作做了必要的铺垫。第三章至第五章,构建了清政府与漠南蒙古、漠北喀尔喀蒙古,与漠西卫拉特蒙古诸部,与西藏的政治互动模式,并从后金与蒙、藏民族政权实体和中原与边疆民族、中央与地方等三个层面对各种模式生成的条件、过程,最终推行的管理制度,进行了研究与勾勒。第六章,探究了在政治互动视野下蒙古因素、西藏因素(藏传佛教)在清政府与蒙藏地区政治互动中的作用,分析了清政府与蒙古、西藏之间三角互动模式的内涵、机制,动态运行状况,探讨了清政府在三角互动中所处的主导地位。第七章(结论部分),对明、清两代与蒙藏地区政治互动的策略、政策和成效进行了比较研究,对清承明制的因革之处进行了比较全面的分析,指出了清朝在治理蒙藏方面的独到之处与创造性贡献,并对之进行了多角度的定性与评价。
[Abstract]:It is different from the traditional frontier ethnic policy history, national history, the history of Qing Dynasty and the local history. From the perspective of political interaction, this paper reinspects and annotates the important history of the Qing Dynasty, from the Late Jin Dynasty to shun, Kang, Yong and Qian period (about 1616 - 1795), and the political governance of the Mongolian area and the Tibetan region. In the process of development and realization, the mode and process of political interaction between the tribes in the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas are constructed and discussed by means of political interaction type analysis. From the period of the Late Jin Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty has formed the strategic thinking of using the Tibetan Buddhist Suifu to hide the various tribes and expand the foundation of the political power. With the mutual game between the Mongolia and the southern Mongolia, the early active interaction with Tibet has been established. In practice, the Mo Nan model is gradually formed with the alliance and alliance as the main content of the southern and southern parts of the desert. After entering the customs, according to the attitude and strategic situation of the Mongolian and Tibetan tribes to the Qing Dynasty, the outer Mongolia has formed a political system with the outside of Mongolia. The main content of Suifu as the main content of the model, and the Mongolia and Shuo special department of desert West established the main form of Qinghai with the main form of detention, and the Junggar Department formed a model of Junggar with the main content of the force, and the turht Department formed a turht model with the main content of the native land, with the Tibetan land formed from the indirect. To govern the Tibet model of direct rule, and to adapt to the above tribes according to the changing situation.
From the relationship between the central government of the Qing Dynasty and the three parties in Mongolia and Tibet, the Qing Dynasty had constructed a relatively clear dynamic triangular interaction model from the outside of the Qing Dynasty, and creatively excavated and used the unique internal mechanism of the triangle interaction structure, that is, to make use of the obedience of the Mongolia and shuote to the Qing Dynasty. In order to govern the Tibetan area, the Tibetan land was managed indirectly, and by inviting Darai to go to Beijing and sealing it up, using his religious influence to control and accept Mongolia ministries, that is, to govern Mongolia by Tibetan Buddhism, and to adopt the policy of separating Mongolian and Tibetan from the potential camera, and finally realized the gradual acceptance and effective jurisdiction of the western and northern frontier ethnic areas. In management, it has also creatively adopted multiple jurisdictional systems and institutions, implemented different national local legislation, realized a more benign interaction between the national and the central government, and achieved a better effect of social control.
In the study, we pay special attention to the changes in the political interaction between the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas from three layers of political interaction between the central and the central and the Central Plains and the Central Plains and the local people, the central and the local people. The strategy is the beginning of the successful establishment of the country. It is also one of the key points of successful governance in the West and the northern frontier after the central government is in the Central Plains. The political interaction model, which is different from the Mongolian and Tibetan tribes, is an important embodiment of the flexible implementation of this strategy. A little creative experiment and application.
The framework adopted in this study provides a new entry point and observation point for the study of this old topic of long-term concern for the historiography. The conclusions will also be inspired by many aspects, especially for today's correct handling of inter ethnic relations, the elimination of unstable factors, the stability of the Border Nationalities and society, and the construction and development of the frontier. The construction of harmonious ethnic relations will provide some historical enlightenment for building a harmonious society.
The full text is composed of three main parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction part mainly introduces the purpose of the topic, the research situation and the existing problems at home and abroad, the scope and method of the research, the focus and the source of the data. The text part, the first chapter, the use of the concept and type of political interaction, a general discussion of the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia, the Tibet exhibition. In the context of political interaction, the political interaction mode between Ming and Mongolia and the Ming and Tibet was constructed, and the intention of controlling the Mongolian and Tibetan relations in the Ming Dynasty and the effect of its failure were analyzed. The second chapter discussed the situation of the ethnic political entities in the Mongolian and Tibetan areas in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, the four forces of the Ming Dynasty, the gold, the Mongolia and the Tibet, and analyzed the post gold. The advantage of prosperity and the formation of its alliance strategy and the creation and content of the interaction strategy of Mongolian and Tibetan, divide and sum up several stages of political interaction between the early Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas, and make the necessary paving for the following writing. Third chapters to the fifth chapter, the Qing government and Mongolia, the Mongolia in the north of the north, and the desert West Wei LA are constructed. The political interaction between the Mongolia and Tibet, and the political interaction model of Tibet, and from the three layers, such as the rear gold and Mongolia, the entity of the Tibetan national power, the Central Plains and the frontier ethnic groups, the central and the local areas, face the conditions, the process and the management system of the final implementation. The sixth chapter explores the factors of Mongolia in the view of the political interaction, Tibet. The role of the Tibetan Buddhism in the political interaction between the Qing government and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas, analyzed the connotation, mechanism and dynamic running status of the triangle interaction model between the Qing government and Mongolia and Tibet, and discussed the dominant position of the Qing government in the triangle interaction. The seventh chapter (the conclusion part), the strategies for the political interaction between the Ming and the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan regions, A comparative study of the policy and effectiveness is carried out, and a comprehensive analysis of the place of the Qing Dynasty is carried out, and the unique and creative contribution of the Qing Dynasty to the governance of the Mongolian and Tibetan areas is pointed out, and a multi angle qualitative and evaluation is carried out.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2171891
[Abstract]:It is different from the traditional frontier ethnic policy history, national history, the history of Qing Dynasty and the local history. From the perspective of political interaction, this paper reinspects and annotates the important history of the Qing Dynasty, from the Late Jin Dynasty to shun, Kang, Yong and Qian period (about 1616 - 1795), and the political governance of the Mongolian area and the Tibetan region. In the process of development and realization, the mode and process of political interaction between the tribes in the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas are constructed and discussed by means of political interaction type analysis. From the period of the Late Jin Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty has formed the strategic thinking of using the Tibetan Buddhist Suifu to hide the various tribes and expand the foundation of the political power. With the mutual game between the Mongolia and the southern Mongolia, the early active interaction with Tibet has been established. In practice, the Mo Nan model is gradually formed with the alliance and alliance as the main content of the southern and southern parts of the desert. After entering the customs, according to the attitude and strategic situation of the Mongolian and Tibetan tribes to the Qing Dynasty, the outer Mongolia has formed a political system with the outside of Mongolia. The main content of Suifu as the main content of the model, and the Mongolia and Shuo special department of desert West established the main form of Qinghai with the main form of detention, and the Junggar Department formed a model of Junggar with the main content of the force, and the turht Department formed a turht model with the main content of the native land, with the Tibetan land formed from the indirect. To govern the Tibet model of direct rule, and to adapt to the above tribes according to the changing situation.
From the relationship between the central government of the Qing Dynasty and the three parties in Mongolia and Tibet, the Qing Dynasty had constructed a relatively clear dynamic triangular interaction model from the outside of the Qing Dynasty, and creatively excavated and used the unique internal mechanism of the triangle interaction structure, that is, to make use of the obedience of the Mongolia and shuote to the Qing Dynasty. In order to govern the Tibetan area, the Tibetan land was managed indirectly, and by inviting Darai to go to Beijing and sealing it up, using his religious influence to control and accept Mongolia ministries, that is, to govern Mongolia by Tibetan Buddhism, and to adopt the policy of separating Mongolian and Tibetan from the potential camera, and finally realized the gradual acceptance and effective jurisdiction of the western and northern frontier ethnic areas. In management, it has also creatively adopted multiple jurisdictional systems and institutions, implemented different national local legislation, realized a more benign interaction between the national and the central government, and achieved a better effect of social control.
In the study, we pay special attention to the changes in the political interaction between the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas from three layers of political interaction between the central and the central and the Central Plains and the Central Plains and the local people, the central and the local people. The strategy is the beginning of the successful establishment of the country. It is also one of the key points of successful governance in the West and the northern frontier after the central government is in the Central Plains. The political interaction model, which is different from the Mongolian and Tibetan tribes, is an important embodiment of the flexible implementation of this strategy. A little creative experiment and application.
The framework adopted in this study provides a new entry point and observation point for the study of this old topic of long-term concern for the historiography. The conclusions will also be inspired by many aspects, especially for today's correct handling of inter ethnic relations, the elimination of unstable factors, the stability of the Border Nationalities and society, and the construction and development of the frontier. The construction of harmonious ethnic relations will provide some historical enlightenment for building a harmonious society.
The full text is composed of three main parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction part mainly introduces the purpose of the topic, the research situation and the existing problems at home and abroad, the scope and method of the research, the focus and the source of the data. The text part, the first chapter, the use of the concept and type of political interaction, a general discussion of the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia, the Tibet exhibition. In the context of political interaction, the political interaction mode between Ming and Mongolia and the Ming and Tibet was constructed, and the intention of controlling the Mongolian and Tibetan relations in the Ming Dynasty and the effect of its failure were analyzed. The second chapter discussed the situation of the ethnic political entities in the Mongolian and Tibetan areas in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, the four forces of the Ming Dynasty, the gold, the Mongolia and the Tibet, and analyzed the post gold. The advantage of prosperity and the formation of its alliance strategy and the creation and content of the interaction strategy of Mongolian and Tibetan, divide and sum up several stages of political interaction between the early Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas, and make the necessary paving for the following writing. Third chapters to the fifth chapter, the Qing government and Mongolia, the Mongolia in the north of the north, and the desert West Wei LA are constructed. The political interaction between the Mongolia and Tibet, and the political interaction model of Tibet, and from the three layers, such as the rear gold and Mongolia, the entity of the Tibetan national power, the Central Plains and the frontier ethnic groups, the central and the local areas, face the conditions, the process and the management system of the final implementation. The sixth chapter explores the factors of Mongolia in the view of the political interaction, Tibet. The role of the Tibetan Buddhism in the political interaction between the Qing government and the Mongolian and Tibetan areas, analyzed the connotation, mechanism and dynamic running status of the triangle interaction model between the Qing government and Mongolia and Tibet, and discussed the dominant position of the Qing government in the triangle interaction. The seventh chapter (the conclusion part), the strategies for the political interaction between the Ming and the Qing Dynasty and the Mongolian and Tibetan regions, A comparative study of the policy and effectiveness is carried out, and a comprehensive analysis of the place of the Qing Dynasty is carried out, and the unique and creative contribution of the Qing Dynasty to the governance of the Mongolian and Tibetan areas is pointed out, and a multi angle qualitative and evaluation is carried out.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K249
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 叶小琴;彭陟焱;;清代前期中央政府对藏传佛教各派管理得失浅论[J];青海民族大学学报(社会科学版);2013年03期
相关硕士学位论文 前4条
1 丁杨梅;清朝西宁办事大臣制度的建立与沿革[D];西北师范大学;2010年
2 刚索南草;18世纪前期准噶尔蒙古侵扰西藏研究[D];中央民族大学;2013年
3 杨鸿光;《西宁府新志》与清初青海经略研究[D];西北民族大学;2013年
4 张志宏;明清河湟地区地方行政管理体制研究[D];西北师范大学;2013年
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