明代民间海外贸易述论

发布时间：2018-09-12 06:11

【摘要】： 明代海外贸易是明代经济史研究中的一个重要课题。它包括朝贡贸易和民间贸易两部分。朝贡贸易作为一种官方贸易,古已有之。对此著述颇多,故不列入本文研究范围。对于民间贸易,古人论述极少,今人之论述或不够系统,或不够深入。因此,笔者在参考相关史籍、明清文集、今人著述的基础上,对明代的民间海外贸易进行具体分析。本文主要分为三大部分。第一部分是明代民间海外贸易的主客体分析。此章分为两节,对作为主体的海商、海船及船员进行了系统的分析,同时对作为客体的贸易地域、商品和走私港也做了细致的阐述。此章研究较为微观,对前人语焉不详的地方再加深入探讨；对前人没有涉及者加以补充,并列有附表,从而使一些问题明朗化、直观化。此章较重要的部分是详细考察了明代海商的地域分布。第二部分是明代民间海外贸易与管理。此章阐述了明代民间海外贸易的运作方式,对其贸易类型和交易方式做了具体论述。同时,详细阐述了明政府对海商的管理,包括管理机构和管理办法,以及海商的应对办法。此章较重要的部分是理清了明政府对民间海外贸易管理机构的演变过程,并以隆庆元年为界,论述了前后两个时期不同的管理政策和办法。第三部分是明代民间海外贸易的评价。此章包括民间海外贸易与封建土地所有制、民间海外贸易与资本主义萌芽两部分。本章从商品来源、海外市场、经商思想、生存压力和政府行为等多个层面分析了民间海外贸易与二者的关系。此章较重要的部分是对明代民间海外贸易的利润问题进行了重新研究。结论认为其利润率始终保持在一个较低的范围内,海外经商主要是为了生存,而非如前人所称牟得“暴利”之说。
[Abstract]:Overseas trade in Ming Dynasty is an important subject in the study of economic history in Ming Dynasty. It includes tributary trade and folk trade. Tributary trade as an official trade, ancient times. There are many works on this, so they are not included in the scope of this paper. For folk trade, ancient exposition is very few, the exposition of present person is either not systematic, or not deep enough. Therefore, on the basis of referring to relevant historical books, collected works of Ming and Qing dynasties, the author makes a concrete analysis of folk overseas trade in Ming Dynasty. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the subject and object analysis of folk overseas trade in Ming Dynasty. This chapter is divided into two sections. It makes a systematic analysis of the maritime merchants, ships and crew as the main body, and at the same time makes a detailed exposition on the trading area, commodities and smuggling ports as the object. In this chapter, the research is more microscopic, and the previous parts are discussed in depth, and those who are not involved in this chapter are supplemented and attached to the table, which makes some problems clear and intuitionistic. The important part of this chapter is to investigate the regional distribution of the merchants in the Ming Dynasty. The second part is the folk overseas trade and management in Ming Dynasty. This chapter expounds the operation mode of folk overseas trade in Ming Dynasty, and discusses its trade type and transaction mode in detail. At the same time, the paper expounds the management of the maritime merchants, including the management organization and management methods, and the countermeasures of the maritime merchants in the Ming government. The more important part of this chapter is to clarify the process of the Ming government's evolution of the civil overseas trade management agencies, and the first year of Longqing as the boundary, discussed the two periods of different management policies and methods. The third part is the evaluation of folk overseas trade in Ming Dynasty. This chapter includes folk overseas trade and feudal land ownership, folk overseas trade and capitalism germination. This chapter analyzes the relationship between folk overseas trade and the two from the aspects of commodity source, overseas market, business thought, survival pressure and government behavior. The more important part of this chapter is to re-study the profit of folk overseas trade in Ming Dynasty. The conclusion is that its profit margin has always been kept in a lower range, and that overseas business is mainly for survival, not for what predecessors called "profiteering".
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：F752.9;K248

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