明清“军屯”、“商屯”与黔东南“苗疆”农业发展考述

发布时间：2018-09-17 07:14

【摘要】：云贵高原东南部,地势崎岖,交通阻塞,在明代以前,这里仍然是一块"语言不同,不知礼仪"的"蛮荒"之地,这就是黔东南"苗疆"。这里主要是世居的苗族、侗族、水族等少数民族,几乎没有汉族人深入。农业生产极为落后,农作物品种单一,耕地面积狭小,耕作技术水平低下,农作物单位面积产量低。自明、清以来,特别是清代雍正以来,朝廷加强了对该地区的统治,首先,鄂尔泰、张广泗等以武力征服,设置新疆六厅,接着大规模推行"军屯"、"商屯"制度,使中原地区大批的汉族人口以"军屯"、"商屯"的形式在这里定居下来。汉族人口的大规模迁入及其对农业文明的传播,黔东南"苗疆"的农业耕地空前扩大,铁制农具普遍推广,灌溉技术水平迅速提高,农作物新品种大量引进,农作物单位面积产量大幅度增加。可以说:"军屯"、"商屯"制度的实施促进了农业生产的跨越式发展。
[Abstract]:Yungui Plateau southeast, rough terrain, traffic congestion, before the Ming Dynasty, here is still a "different language, do not know the etiquette" of the "wilderness", this is the southeast of Guizhou "Miaojiang." Here is mainly inhabited by the Miao, Dong, Shui and other ethnic minorities, almost no Han people go deep. The agricultural production is extremely backward, the crop variety is single, the cultivated land area is narrow, the tillage technique level is low, the crop yield per unit area is low. Since the Ming Dynasty, and especially since Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court has strengthened its rule over the region. First, Ortai and Zhang Guangsi conquered by force and set up the six halls of Xinjiang, and then carried out the system of "military tun" and "Shang Tun" on a large scale. So that a large number of Han population in the Central Plains in the form of "military", "Shang Tun" to settle down here. The large-scale migration of the Han population and its spread of agricultural civilization, the unprecedented expansion of agricultural arable land in "Miaojiang" in the southeast of Guizhou, the widespread popularization of iron farming tools, the rapid improvement of irrigation technology, and the introduction of a large number of new crop varieties. The yield per unit area of crops increased by a large margin. It can be said that the implementation of military and Shang Tun systems has promoted the development of agricultural production by leaps and bounds.
【作者单位】：凯里学院人文学院;
【基金】：贵州凯里学院人文社会科学研究项目立项课题(项目编号:S1406) 凯里学院“中国古代文学教学团队成果之一
【分类号】：S-09;K248

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