直辖与遥隶:宋代军马“皆隶三衙”考析

发布时间：2019-05-24 00:06

【摘要】：天下军马、内外诸军皆隶三衙,终结了中唐五代中央禁军与方镇"诸道州兵"并列的二元体制,是宋代收兵权于中央最为重要的举措。然其实现,却有着"直辖"和"遥隶"两种不同的模式。将地方兵马之精锐抽调京师归三衙直接指挥,是谓"直辖";授予地方兵马以三衙禁军的番号,但并不抽调至京师,而是以"就粮禁军"等名义,就地升为禁军,仍由当地经略司、都总管司等地方兵马司统领和指挥,是谓"遥隶"。从宋真宗朝中后期开始,尤其是宋仁宗朝以后,主要是适应宋辽、宋夏与宋金战争的需要,遥隶模式愈来愈占据主导地位。南宋除各路禁军之外,广东摧锋军、福建左翼军、江西右翼军、淮东武锋军、湖南飞虎军等地方军马,亦遥隶于三衙。如此制度设计,在加强边境地区防御实力的同时,又避免了唐代地方割据的重演,堪称中国古代通过顶层"制度设计"收到"制度实现"较佳成效的典范。
[Abstract]:The military horses in the world and the internal and external armies all belonged to the three Yayas, which ended the dual system of the central ban army and the "soldiers of all states" in Fangzhen in the middle Tang and five dynasties, and was the most important measure for the central government to accept troops in the Song Dynasty. However, there are two different modes of "direct jurisdiction" and "Yao Li" in its realization. It is called "direct jurisdiction" to transfer the elite of the local soldiers and horses to the direct command of the Sanya. The local soldiers and horses were awarded the name of the Sanya forbidden army, but were not transferred to the Beijing division, but were promoted to the forbidden army in the name of "banning the army on food". They were still under the command and command of the local department of economic management, the department of general management, and other local military divisions, which was called "Yaoli." Since the middle and late Song Zhenzong Dynasty, especially after the Song Renzong Dynasty, mainly to meet the needs of Song Liao, Song Xia and Song and Jin wars, the remote Li model has become more and more dominant. In addition to the ban on all roads in the Southern Song Dynasty, Guangdong, Fujian left Wing Army, Jiangxi right Wing Army, Huidong Armed Front Army, Hunan Flying Tiger Army and other local troops also belonged to Sanya. This system design not only strengthens the defense strength of border areas, but also avoids the repetition of local secession in Tang Dynasty, which can be regarded as a model of better results of "system realization" through "system design" at the top level in ancient China.
【作者单位】：山东大学历史文化学院;
【分类号】：E291;K244

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