试论休谟的政治义务学说

发布时间：2018-02-03 01:45

本文关键词： 契约论利益习惯/习俗政治义务大卫·休谟　出处：《浙江大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：大卫·休谟(David Hume,1711-1776)是18世纪英国经验主义者、怀疑论哲学家,其学术旨趣非常广泛,除哲学外还涉及历史、政治和经济等领域。与其哲学思想受到的广泛关注相比,休谟的政治学思想却长期被忽视了,其中的政治义务学说更是几乎无人谈及。究其原因,应该说休谟的政治义务学说在很大程度上被其对契约论和同意说(政治义务之所以具有约束力是因为被统治者的自愿接受)的批判所遮蔽了。实际上,休谟对契约论的批判指向的是用契约来解释权威的本质和政治合法化过程,他拒绝政治权威的先验本质,强调为规范性问题建立经验性基础。休谟虽然反对政治服从基于“许诺”的约束力的契约论观点,认为契约论的同意说不能证成人们的政治义务,但是他并未试图摧毁契约论,他非常关注契约论的道德意义,坚持认为政治义务问题是道德问题。休谟从人性角度出发,认为政治服从是基于利益的考虑和习惯与习俗的作用,采用经验主义的方法对政治义务进行了论证。然而,休谟虽承认在极端情况下人们有反抗权,但是他更强调在一般情况下人们对政府服从的政治义务,从而把政治义务问题的关注点引向政府设计,这深刻影响了美国宪法的制定。为防止权力滥用,休谟提出了著名的“无赖假定”。休谟政治义务说兼具契约论和功利主义的特征,但是又不同于同意说和功利主义政治义务理论。休谟的政治义务说留给我们最重要的遗产是其为道德问题提供了一种哲学分析的逻辑框架,休谟的哲学思想和政治学思想是一致的。
[Abstract]:David Hume David Humen 1711-1776) is a British empiricist and skeptic philosopher in 18th century, whose academic interests are very extensive and involve history as well as philosophy. Compared with his philosophical thought, Hume's political thought has been neglected for a long time, and the theory of political obligation has hardly been discussed. Investigate its reason. It should be said that Hume's theory of political obligation is largely obscured by his criticism of the theory of contract and the doctrine of consent (political obligation is binding because of the voluntary acceptance of the governed). Hume's criticism of contract theory points to explaining the essence of authority and the process of political legalization by contract, and he rejects the transcendental nature of political authority. Hume, though opposed to the "promise" based on binding contract theory, believes that the consent of contract theory cannot be proved as the political obligation of people. But he did not try to destroy the contract theory. He paid close attention to the moral meaning of the contract theory and insisted that the issue of political obligation was a moral issue. Hume set out from the angle of human nature. It is believed that political servitude is based on the consideration of interest and the function of custom and custom, and the empirical method is adopted to demonstrate the political obligation. However, Hume admits that people have the right to resist in extreme circumstances. However, he emphasized the political obligation of people to obey the government in general, thus leading the focus of the political obligation to the government design, which deeply influenced the constitution of the United States, in order to prevent abuse of power. Hume put forward the famous "rogue hypothesis". Hume's political obligation theory has the characteristics of both contract theory and utilitarianism. But it is different from the theory of consent and utilitarian political obligation. Hume's theory of political obligation left us the most important legacy is that it provides a logical framework for philosophical analysis of moral issues. Hume's philosophical and political thoughts are consistent.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D091

【引证文献】