霍布斯公民权利思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-18 00:32

本文选题：霍布斯　切入点：自然权利　出处：《重庆大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：霍布斯被斯特劳斯誉为现代政治哲学之父。正是他以无以伦比的明确性提出自然权利,使个人的合理要求成为政治哲学的基础。在这里,霍布斯实现了从古典政治哲学到现代政治哲学的跨越。他的政治思想中蕴含着现代政治设计的思想渊源,为近代政治哲学的发展带来了革命性的变革,至今仍具有重要影响。霍布斯政治哲学思想是建立在自然状态理论体系之上的。他通过自然状态理论的提出,把个人从传统自然法的永恒秩序中解放出来还原为原子式的独立个人。并以为此基础,霍布斯重构了自然状态中以个人为单位的人性论,否认了从古希腊以来存在两千多年之久、广受中世纪学者所推崇的最高的善:至善;继而,霍布斯否定了亚里士多德关于“人是天生的政治动物”的人之政治属性和社会属性的传统假设,这为其政治哲学的建立奠定了基本的理论基础。随后,通过结合自然中人天生具有的自由、平等的自然属性的论述,得出了人是自然状态下“具有全部原初权利”的自然权利个体的结论。以平等的自然权利为基础,在人的自然理性的指导之下,以“权利的转让与权力的授予为内容”的社会契约为媒介,霍布斯政治体系的社会基础——公民社会得以建立。在此,人们完成了自然人向公民身份的转变,同时也使个人自然权利向公民权利、私人理性向公共理性的转变得以完成。通过国法的制定,厘清了国家权力与公民权利、义务的关系;以国家强制力为后盾,政治体内公民伦理与法制秩序得以形成,这为公民权利的产生与发展奠定了完整的社会关系体系。以此为基础,公民权利得以产生发展。作为霍布斯政治哲学的核心理论,自然权利转化为公民权利与公民自由观念,社会契约演变为“政治同意”的观念,至今仍在西方主政治观念和政治思维方式中占主导地位。霍布斯的自然权利思想观念为政治社会中个人的权利伸张提供了全新的表达方式,它所开辟的现代权利政治观的理论路径,影响了现代政治思维模式与发展方向。霍布斯权利价值观确立的政治价值使其政治思想超越了其时代与国度,成为了后世政治思想家们无法绕过的丰碑。
[Abstract]:Hobbes was hailed by Strauss as the father of modern political philosophy. It was he who, with unparalleled clarity, proposed natural rights that made the legitimate demands of the individual the basis of political philosophy. Hobbes realized the leap from classical political philosophy to modern political philosophy, and his political thought contained the ideological origin of modern political design, which brought revolutionary change to the development of modern political philosophy and still has important influence to this day. Hobbes' political philosophy was based on the theory of natural state. He liberated the individual from the eternal order of traditional natural law into an atomic independent individual through the theory of natural state. Hobbes reconstructs the theory of human nature as a unit of human nature in the state of nature, denying the highest good that has existed for more than 2,000 years since ancient Greece and has been widely admired by medieval scholars: the supreme good; then, Hobbes denied Aristotle's traditional hypothesis that "man is a natural political animal", which laid a basic theoretical foundation for the establishment of his political philosophy. By combining the discussion of the natural freedom and equal nature attribute of man in nature, the conclusion that man is the individual of natural rights with all original rights under the natural state is concluded, which is based on equal natural rights. Under the guidance of human's natural rationality, the social contract of "the transfer of rights and the grant of power" as the medium, the social foundation of Hobbes' political system-civil society was established. People have completed the transition from natural person to citizenship, at the same time, it has made the change from individual's natural right to citizen's right and private rationality to public rationality. Through the enactment of national law, the relationship between state power and citizen's right and duty has been clarified. Civil ethics and legal order in politics can be formed on the basis of national coercive force, which lays a complete social relationship system for the emergence and development of civil rights, on which civil rights can be produced and developed. As the core theory of Hobbes' political philosophy, natural rights are transformed into the concepts of civil rights and civil liberties, and the social contract evolves into the concept of "political consent". Hobbes' concept of natural rights provides a new way of expressing the rights of individuals in the political society. It has opened up the theoretical path of the modern political view of rights, which has influenced the mode of modern political thinking and the direction of its development. The political value established by Hobbes' right values makes its political thought transcend its time and country. It became a monument that later political thinkers could not bypass.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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