柯亨平等思想及其当代价值研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 02:24

本文选题：柯亨　切入点：平等　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：柯亨是分析马克思主义学派的主要代表人物之一，他的理论研究一般采用分析哲学的方法。在其早期研究中，他关注的重点是对马克思唯物主义的辩护。但是随着世界政治格局的变化，东欧剧变、苏联解体，社会主义运动陷入低潮，马克思主义遭遇前所未有的冲击。在这种时代条件下，柯亨寄希望于从经典马克思主义著作中找寻出路。但是随着研究的深入柯亨认为马克思坚持的社会主义经济和政治平等必然实现的两大条件即生产力的不断发展和无产阶级力量的不断增加在现实社会的发展中遭遇困境：社会资源的不断减少以及环境的不断恶化无不在阻碍生产力的快速发展，而作为社会主义领导阶级的无产阶级在现代社会中并没有出现马克思所说的达到社会绝大多数的状况。在这样的时代背景下，加之自由主义和平等主义之争的理论影响，柯亨将重点转向对政治规范和道义平等的研究。柯亨将马克思实现社会平等的手段称之为“马克思主义的技术麻醉”，把这种方法看做是消极的规避正义的手段，他在批判继承马克思主义平等思想的基础上，提出“自愿平等”的概念，指出在生产力水平不高的情况下平等分配也是可能的。对于学术界争论的关于自由和平等在正义中的首要性问题，柯亨作为一名左翼人士在其著作《自我所有、自由和平等》一书中论述了平等和自由意志主义者所说的自由之间不存在冲突，自由和平等是相容的。在柯亨平等思想中，平等的关键在于人性，他将平等的实现空间类比为野营旅行，倡导人们在旅行中坚持平等原则和共享原则借以促进社会主义机会平等的实现。柯亨将社会主义机会平等称之为“可及利益平等”，是一种最大限度的平等，用以消除人们之间因天赋或与生俱来的不利条件造成的限制。一旦这种平等得以实现，社会差异反映的只是爱好和选择的差异。柯亨还对现代自由主义平等思想进行了批判：①对于自由至上主义的代表人物诺奇克的自我所有思想，柯亨从三个方面进行了批判：首先对诺奇克的张伯伦论证进行批判，正是这一论证使柯亨对自己坚持的思想信念产生怀疑；其次是对诺奇克关于获取公平正义的途径及其对私有财产和自由的论述的批判；最后是对自由所有原则的批判，这是柯亨批判论述的重点。②对于平等的自由主义思想代表人物罗尔斯，柯亨主要对其“差别原则”进行批判，在柯亨看来，罗尔斯的差别原则实际上是对资本主义社会资产阶级和无产阶级之间贫富差距出现的一种辩护，该原则强调形式上的平等优于实质上的平等，只适用于社会法律等强制制度的选择而忽视了人们日常行为的选择。通过对诺奇克“自我所有”和罗尔斯“差别原则”的批判柯亨形成了自己独特的平等主义思想。这一思想不仅拓宽了分析马克思主义的研究领域，而且加深了西方马克思主义平等理论的研究；通过揭示个人选择上的不平等描述了资本主义社会新型的不平等现象，对于人性自私性的批判分析了当代资本主义社会不平等现象的原因，有力的揭示了当代资本主义社会不平等的实质；通过对社会正义制度的倡导及自愿平等问题的提出描绘了社会平等的理想蓝图。平等问题是中国和谐社会建设的题中之意，通过分析柯亨社会主义平等思想有助于正确认识当代中国社会的不平等现象：当代中国不平现象是暂时的，正确解决这些不平等问题是当务之急。借以柯亨平等主义思想的指导，坚持以人为本，完善国家税收体系，提高人民对社会主义建设长期性的认识必然能够走向平等的中国和谐社会。
[Abstract]:Cohen is one of the main representatives of Marx School of thought, his theory of philosophy by analysis method. In the early studies, his focus is on Marx materialism defense. But with the change of the world political pattern in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the socialist movement is at a low ebb, Marx has suffered the hitherto unknown impact. In this era, Cohen hopes to find a way out from the classic Marx's works. But with the increasing depth study of Cohen thought Marx adhere to the socialist economic and political equality must achieve two conditions: the continuous development of productive forces and the proletariat is difficult in reality and social development in the declining and the deteriorating environment are fast and hinder the development of the productive forces of social resources, and as The proletariat of the socialist leading class did not appear in the modern society by what Marx said to the overwhelming majority of the society.
In this background, combined with the theory of liberalism and egalitarianism contend for, Cohen will shift the focus of political and moral norms of equality. Marx Cohen will achieve social equality means called "anesthesia" Marx's technique, this method is negative as evading justice he means, based on equality of critical inheritance of Marx's ideas, put forward the concept of "voluntary equality", pointed out that in the level of productivity is not high in the case of equal distribution is possible. For the academic debate on the problems of freedom and equality in justice, Cohen as a left-wing in his book "self ownership, freedom and equality" the book discusses equality and libertarian there is no conflict between the freedom, equality and freedom are compatible. In Cohen equality, equal The key lies in the human nature, he will be the realization of equal space analogy for the camping trip, traveling in advocating people to adhere to the principle of equality and the principle of sharing socialism so as to promote the realization of equal opportunity. Cohen will be called "socialist equality of opportunity and equality of interests", is a maximum of equality, in order to eliminate the adverse result the condition of talent or inherent limits between people. Once this equality can be achieved, social differences reflect the hobby and choice is different. Cohen also conducted a critique of modern liberalism thought of equality from the libertarian representative Nozick self all thought, Cohen's critique from three aspects: firstly, Nochik Chamberlain demonstrates the criticism, it is this argument that Cohen doubts they adhere to the thought faith; the second is to Nozick. Access to justice in criticism of private property and free discussion; finally is a critique of the freedom of all the principles, which is the focus of Cohen critical discourse. For the equality of liberalism representative Rawls Cohen, mainly on the "difference principle" for criticism, in Cohen's view, difference Rawls's principle is actually a defence of capitalist society gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the principle of equality in form than the equality in essence, is only applicable to the legal system of compulsory social choice while ignoring the people's daily behavior.
According to Nozick "self ownership" and Rawls's "difference principle" critique of Cohen formed his unique idea of egalitarianism. This idea not only broaden the research field of the Marx doctrine, but also deepen the research of Western Marx doctrine of equality theory; through revealing personal choice and the unequal description of capitalist society model the inequality for human selfishness causes the critical analysis of contemporary capitalist society inequality, effectively reveals the essence of contemporary capitalist social inequality; through the proposed system of social justice and equality advocate voluntarily depicts the ideal blueprint of social equality. The equality problem is the construction of a harmonious society China. The question of meaning, through the analysis of Cohen socialist equality is conducive to a correct understanding of the contemporary China social inequality : the uneven phenomenon of contemporary Chinese is temporary, to solve these problems of inequality is a pressing matter of the moment. In order to Cohen egalitarian ideology, adhere to the people-oriented, improve the national tax system, improve the understanding of people's long-term construction of socialism must be able to equal China harmonious society.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D091

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