罗尔斯对公平正义稳定性的追求

发布时间：2018-03-23 04:06

本文选题：良序社会　切入点：稳定性　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文的主要目的是论述罗尔斯对公平正义的良序社会的稳定性何以可能这个问题的具体论证,并就这个问题所引发的争论展开讨论并得出结论。在《正义论》中,罗尔斯认为,“稳定性问题”之所以产生是由于一个公平正义的良序社会可能较不稳定：从原初状态的观点看,正义的原则在整体上是合理的,罗尔斯在《正义论》的第一部分已经回答了这个问题；但是在去除无知之幕之后,人们具有独特的合理性的善观念,一个人只要愿意,就常常可以利用他人的合作努力为自己获得更大的利益,因此,公正的安排可能不是处于平衡状态之中,要确保稳定性,人们就必须具备一种正义感,这种正义感与人们的合理性的善观念相一致,正义感使人们遵守正义的规则,则公正的系统才能是稳定的。为了解决这个稳定性问题,在《正义论》第三部分,罗尔斯发展了独特的善理论,论述了公平正义的秩序良好社会的成员获取正义感的过程,最后论证正义感是合理性的,即正义感是一种善,因而公平正义的良序社会具有出于正当理由的稳定性。在《政治自由主义》中,基于现代民主社会理性多元论的事实,罗尔斯指出《正义论》中秩序良好的社会理念是不现实的,因为公民不可能普遍认肯任何一种完备性学说,因而,罗尔斯为稳定性问题提供了新的论证。政治自由主义所要解决的问题便是：现代的民主社会具有各种不同的合乎理性的宗教学说、哲学学说和道德学说,由此而产生深刻分化的社会如何可能具有稳定性,如何能够长时间地延续?换句话说,尽管合乎理性但却互相对峙的诸完备性学说,怎样才可能共同存在并一致认肯一立宪政体的政治观念?因而,罗尔斯把公平正义解释为有关这一问题的独立观点,是政治的,而非形而上学的；罗尔斯提出了重叠共识的理念来确保秩序良好的社会的统一及稳定,在此重叠共识中,各种合乎理性的学说都从各自的观点出发认可这一政治正义观念。社会的统一建立在该重叠共识之上。在文章中,我还论述了围绕稳定性问题所展开的讨论,论证了：稳定性论证在罗尔斯的正义理论中占有重要的地位,稳定性论证是一种道德论证,对于政治辩护提出了更进一步的要求,而不是如有些评论者认为的是实际的政治问题。
[Abstract]:The main purpose of this paper is to expound Rawls' concrete argumentation on how the stability of a fair and just well-ordered society is possible, and to discuss and draw a conclusion on the controversy caused by this problem. In the Theory of Justice, Rawls argues that the problem of stability arises from the fact that a well-ordered society of fairness and justice may be less stable: from the standpoint of the original state, the principle of justice is generally reasonable. Rawls has already answered this question in the first part of the Theory of Justice; but after removing the curtain of ignorance, people have a uniquely rational idea of good, one who wants to, It is often possible to use the cooperative efforts of others to achieve greater benefits for themselves, so that just arrangements may not be in balance, and to ensure stability people must have a sense of justice. This sense of justice is consistent with people's sense of reasonableness, which makes people abide by the rules of justice, then the system of justice is stable. In order to solve this problem of stability, in the third part of the Theory of Justice, Rawls developed a unique theory of good, and discussed the process of obtaining justice by members of a fair and just order and good society. Finally, he demonstrated that the sense of justice is reasonable, that is, the sense of justice is a kind of good. Therefore, the fair and just good order society has the stability for just reasons. In political Liberalism, based on the fact of rational pluralism in a modern democratic society, Rawls points out that the idea of good order in the theory of justice is unrealistic, because citizens cannot generally accept any theory of completeness. Thus, Rawls offers a new argument for stability. The problem that political liberalism has to solve is that modern democratic societies have a variety of rational religious, philosophical and moral doctrines. How can a deeply divided society be stable and last for a long time? In other words, how can it be possible to co-exist and agree on the political concept of a constitutional regime, even though it is rational but confrontational with each other? Thus, Rawls interpreted equity and justice as an independent view on the issue, which was political rather than metaphysical, and in which Rawls put forward the idea of overlapping consensus to ensure the unity and stability of a well-ordered society, All kinds of rational theories accept this political justice concept from their own point of view. The unity of society is based on this overlapping consensus. In the article, I also discuss the discussion about stability, and prove that the stability argument plays an important role in Rawls' justice theory, and the stability argument is a kind of moral argument. There are further demands for political defence, rather than actual political issues, as some commentators believe.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

【共引文献】