达尔多元主义民主理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 14:48

本文选题：罗伯特·达尔　切入点：多元主义民主　出处：《云南大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：“民主”是一个不朽的主题,是政治永恒的价值追求。在漫长而浩瀚的政治发展长河中,人们从未停止过追寻民主的脚步。自古希腊城邦的直接民主制开始,民主就以其不同的姿态和形式长存于世界政治发展之中。罗伯特·达尔是美国当代著名的政治学家,主要致力于西方政治民主理论和行为主义政治学的研究,其多元主义民主理论被认为是当代西方最具影响力的理论之一。作为政治学研究的基本范畴,民主在达尔的视角下有理想民主与现实民主的区分。作为一种政治理想和价值,达尔指出民主应当满足“五个标准”,而作为一种现实的政治制度,达尔认为现代代议民主制是典型的政治民主形式,其思想实质最为接近理想民主的基本标准。多元主义民主实际上就是民主理想和民主现实之间的一种相互关联,现实的多元主义民主制度是符合民主理想标准的一种制度选择模式,而民主理想则能对民主制度进行严格的考察和辨析。在对民主的具体研究中,达尔将多元主义民主看做是一种对民主理想的转化和实现,将民主价值和事实联系起来,形成了对美国现实制度和规则独具解释力的“多元主义民主理论”。达尔认为,民主应当是一种“多重少数人的统治”,这是对传统民主形式的突破,并以此来区别于传统的民主观点。这种“多元的民主”深深根植于达尔生活的权力多元、利益分化的“多元的美国”,达尔深知这样的社会结构必然会影响政治上层建筑,由此他以多元利益集团为基础建构了对美国现代政治社会极具解释力的多元主义民主理论,生动地诠释了当代西方自由主义民主的发展趋势,也揭示了西方政治民主的运行机制。达尔的多元主义民主是在对传统民主理论批判性继承的基础上发展起来的,有具体的民主标准和制度载体。从理论建构的角度上说,达尔的多元主义民主是一个动态发展的体系,他不仅提出了具体的理论假设,还在理论发展演变的过程中对其思想进行了自觉的反思和修正,强调了“政治平等思想”和“社会制约权力思想”的重要意义,在指出多元民主的具体困境的同时分析了可能的解决办法,是一套能够客观解释美国民主现实的规则体系。理论来源于实践,而又能反映和指导实践进一步发展和完善。多元主义民主于美国的政治生态中衍生,达尔将这些程序性的政治规则系统化、理论化,最终形成的多元民主理论必然会对美国式的西方政治民主实践产生积极影响。同时,从世界政治民主化的具体进程来看,多元主义民主为那些渴望民主、追求民主的国家提供了一种新的范式选择,启迪并且丰富了世界民主形式。
[Abstract]:"Democracy" is an immortal theme, is the eternal pursuit of political value. In the long and vast political development, people have never stopped to pursue the pace of democracy. Democracy has long existed in the political development of the world with its different postures and forms. Robert Dahl is a famous contemporary political scientist in the United States. He is mainly devoted to the study of western political democratic theory and behaviorist politics. His pluralistic democratic theory is regarded as one of the most influential theories in the contemporary West. As a basic category of political science research, democracy has a distinction between ideal democracy and realistic democracy in the perspective of Darr. As a kind of political ideal and value, democracy is regarded as a kind of political ideal and value. Dahl pointed out that democracy should meet the "five criteria". As a realistic political system, Dahl believes that modern representative democracy is a typical form of political democracy. The essence of its ideology is closest to the basic standard of ideal democracy. Pluralistic democracy is, in fact, a kind of interrelationship between democratic ideals and democratic realities. The realistic pluralistic democratic system is a kind of system choice mode which accords with the democratic ideal standard, and the democratic ideal can carry on the strict inspection and the discrimination to the democratic system. Dahl regarded pluralistic democracy as a transformation and realization of democratic ideal, connected democratic values with facts, and formed a "pluralistic democratic theory" with unique explanatory power to American realistic system and rules. Darr believes that democracy should be a "multitudinous minority rule", which is a breakthrough in the form of traditional democracy, and thus distinguishes it from the traditional view of democracy. This "pluralistic democracy" is deeply rooted in the pluralistic power of Dahl's life. Darr knew that such a social structure would inevitably affect the political superstructure, so he constructed a pluralistic democratic theory that could explain the modern political society of the United States on the basis of pluralistic interest groups. It vividly interprets the development trend of contemporary western liberal democracy and reveals the operating mechanism of western political democracy. Dahl's pluralistic democracy is developed on the basis of critically inheriting the traditional democratic theory. It has specific democratic standards and institutional carriers. From the perspective of theoretical construction, Dahl's pluralistic democracy is a system of dynamic development. He not only put forward specific theoretical assumptions, but also made a conscious reflection and revision of his thoughts in the course of theoretical development and evolution. This paper emphasizes the significance of the thought of "political equality" and "the thought of social restriction of power", points out the concrete predicament of pluralistic democracy and analyzes the possible solutions, which is a set of rules system which can objectively explain the reality of American democracy. The theory originates from practice, and it can reflect and guide the practice to develop and consummate. Pluralistic democracy is derived from American political ecology, and Dahl systematizes and theorizes these procedural political rules. The resulting theory of pluralistic democracy is bound to have a positive impact on the American-style practice of Western political democracy. At the same time, judging from the specific process of political democratization in the world, pluralistic democracy is for those who yearn for democracy. Democracy-seeking countries provide a new paradigm choice that enlightens and enriches the world's democratic forms.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D082

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