洛克财产权理论的逻辑与批判

发布时间：2018-03-30 11:57

本文选题：洛克　切入点：财产权　出处：《河北大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 财产权是洛克政治哲学的坚实基础。在西方政治哲学史中,洛克率先鲜明地将财产权作为个人权利的首要内容。近代个人主义的形成和权利观念的确立,为洛克财产权理论奠定了必要的思想前提。个人主义的观念在古希腊城邦时代就已萌芽,借助中世纪基督教神学二元权力观的推动,文艺复兴中“人”的发现,以及宗教改革运动对个人精神和价值的彰显,在近代通过自然状态、自然法、社会契约等概念得以系统表达。对前人的反思与批判,是洛克政治哲学的逻辑起点。通过对笛卡尔的解构,对菲尔麦的批判,对霍布斯的反思,洛克提出了自己独特的财产权理论。在洛克看来,基于自然法,人在自然状态便拥有与生俱来的自然权利,财产权、自由权、生命权三者紧密联系、互相依存。财产权基于劳动所得,神圣不可侵犯。在洛克看来,基于财产权的神圣性,当人们走出自然状态、通过订立契约建立国家时,保障财产权便成为政府最重大和最主要的目的。同时,社会契约的中介性也赋予了国家的工具性。国家只能扮演消极的角色,充其量也只能是一种必要的邪恶。制约公共权力,建立有限政府,是保障财产权的必要途径。为了实现保障私权、限制公权的目标,洛克提出了近代最早的权力分立理论,主张立法权、对外权和执行权分开,并以立法权克制行政权。洛克提出了系统的法治理念,将依法行政、限制政府权力和反对政府解体,作为保障财产权的制度设计要素。马克思对洛克的财产权理论给予了充分的肯定和高度的评价,但也指出了洛克理论的不彻底,并对洛克财产权的合法性来源、劳动确立原则、劳动价值论以及财产关系等理论提出了深刻的批判。
[Abstract]:Property right is the solid foundation of Locke's political philosophy. The formation of modern individualism and the establishment of the concept of rights laid the necessary ideological premise for Locke's theory of property rights. The idea of individualism had sprouted in the age of the ancient Greek city-states and was promoted by the dual power view of Christian theology in the Middle Ages. The discovery of "man" in the Renaissance, as well as the manifestation of individual spirit and value by the religious reform movement, were systematically expressed in modern times through the concepts of natural state, natural law, social contract, and so on. The reflection and criticism of predecessors is the logical starting point of Locke's political philosophy. Through the deconstruction of Descartes, the criticism of Philmar and the reflection of Hobbes, Locke puts forward his own unique theory of property rights. Based on natural law, human beings have inherent natural rights, property rights, liberty rights and right to life, which are closely related and interdependent. Property rights are based on labor income and are sacred and inviolable. According to Locke, based on the sanctity of property rights, when people go out of their natural state and form a state by contract, the protection of property rights becomes the most important and main purpose of the government. At the same time, The intermediary nature of the social contract also gives the country the instrumentality. The state can only play a negative role and at best it can only be a necessary evil. Restricting public power and establishing a limited government are the necessary ways to protect property rights. In order to realize the goal of protecting private rights and restricting public power, Locke put forward the earliest theory of power separation in modern times, advocated the separation of legislative power, external power and executive power, and restrained the executive power by legislative power. Administration according to law, restriction of government power and opposition to the disintegration of government are the system design elements to protect property rights. Marx fully affirmed and highly appraised Locke's theory of property rights, but also pointed out that Locke's theory was not thorough, and established the principle of the legality of Locke's property right and the principle of labor. The theory of labor value and property relation puts forward profound criticism.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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