自由与民主—斯宾诺莎的自由思想及其政治表达

发布时间：2018-03-30 12:33

本文选题：自由与民主　切入点：神学政治　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在现代西方政治哲学革命的诸多思想家中,斯宾诺莎亲身经历和见证了西欧早期现代社会多重复杂的"神学政治"冲突。他的哲学思考紧紧围绕着"神学政治问题"而展开。作为共和主义思想家,斯宾诺莎坚定地支持民主共和,反对君主制复辟。在他看来,世界上只有一个实体,那就是神,神即自然。神自身没有任何"目的"或意图,它严格服从因果的自然法则——"自然的普遍性原则"。通过对实体一元论的论证,斯宾诺莎塑造了人与自然(神)之间一种全新的关系,这为他阐述人的自由观点奠定了世界观基础。斯宾诺莎撰写和发表《神学政治论》有着复杂的神学争论背景。他对"上帝与人"之间的关系看法注定不能让自由意志论者以及命定论者满意。首先他否定了人的自由意志,其次他肯定了人具有运用理性使自己更自由的能力,二者是辩证同一的。自由与主动性密切相联,自由与德性密不可分,自由与理性紧密相连。只有最受理性指导的人才是最充分掌握自己权利的人,才是最自由的人。实现人的真正自由,还需要做到理性与信仰的和谐。斯宾诺莎主张国家的目的在于实现公民的自由。为此,他通过阐释《圣经》展开宗教批判,力证理性与信仰分离的必要性。宗教不能凌驾于世俗政治权力之上,而是应该服从国家和法律。作为中立者,国家依法保护公民的哲学思考自由与宗教信仰自由。从政体设置的角度看,民主政体享有比君主政体和贵族政体更多的优越性。它是最自然的政体,也是最优良的政体。民主政体能够更充分地包容和化解人民因信仰分歧所引发的社会冲突,维护公民的思想自由与信仰自由,培育公民的理性。在应对"神权政治"问题的处理上,民主政体成功的化解了宗教属灵权力与政治属世权力之间长期的紧张冲突,并逐步在西方世界占据了主导性地位。本文首先从斯宾诺莎的世界观出发,讨论了实体一元论的重要意义,继而探究了斯宾诺莎自由观的主要内涵与特征。从对《神学政治论》与《政治论》的解读中,分析斯宾诺莎所处的神学问题与政治斗争复杂交织的时代背景,以及他为反对加尔文教与奥伦治派的联合所作出的不懈努力。研究认为,对"人的自由"思考是斯宾诺莎哲学思想的核心基础,而民主理论则是斯宾诺莎自由思想的政治表达。在当下世界面临多重复杂的挑战时,斯宾诺莎自由与民主理论依然蕴含着深刻意义。维护个体的自由,需要公民的民主参与,国家自身也应不断推进民主化进程,才能更好的保障人民主权不受侵犯。同时我们也应该看到,斯宾诺莎的理论也存在一些未能解决的难题,比如公民的服从问题、国家权力与个人信仰自由的冲突问题、以及人类生来即有的整体激情问题等。理解和研究斯宾诺莎对于我们思考当下自由主义所面临的的挑战具有重要意义,但真要妥善应对这些风险与挑战,还需要学界的师生们集思广益,贡献更多的智慧。
[Abstract]:Many thinkers in modern western political philosophy of revolution, Spinoza personally experienced and witnessed the early western modern society "complicated theological political conflict. His philosophical thinking is closely around the" political theology ". As a Republican thinkers, Spinoza firmly supported the Democratic Republic, against the restoration of the monarchy. In his opinion, the world only one entity, that is God, God or nature. God has no purpose or intention, it strictly obey the laws of nature" -- the causal principle of universality of nature ". Based on the monism argument, Spinoza created a man and nature (God) between a new relationship, this lay the foundation for his world view describes the free view of people. Written and published < > theological and political theory has a complex background of Spinoza. His theological controversy" between God and man. " Department of view cannot let libertarians and predestinarian satisfaction. First he denies human free will, then he certainly has the use of reason make their ability more freedom, the two is the dialectical unity of the initiative and freedom. Freedom and virtue are closely linked and inseparable, are closely linked freedom and rationality. Only the most rational person is the most fully right people, is the most free people. True freedom of man, but also needs to be rational and the belief of harmony. Spinoza argues that the country aims to realize the citizen's freedom. Therefore, he launched a critique of religion through the interpretation of the Bible. On the necessity, rationality and belief that separation. Religion can not override the secular political power, but should obey national law. And as a neutral, the State shall protect the citizen freedom philosophy and religion since By setting the regime. From the perspective of democracy has more advantages than the monarchy and the aristocratic regime. It is the most natural state is the most excellent regime. Democracy can contain and resolve social conflicts caused by differences in people's faith more fully, freedom of thought and freedom of religious belief maintenance of citizens the cultivation of citizen, rational. In dealing with "theocracy" on the issue of democracy, successfully resolve the tensions between the long-term religious spiritual power and worldly political power, and gradually in the western world to occupy a dominant position. Firstly, from Spinoza's view of the world and the significance of monism is discussed then, explores the main contents and features of Spinoza's view of freedom from the "theological and political theory" and "political" on the interpretation and analysis of Spinoza's theological and political struggle complex Hybrid background fabric, and the tireless efforts he made for United against Garr and the cultural Orangeman. Studies suggest that "human freedom" thought is the core of Spinoza's philosophy, and the theory of democracy is the political expression of Spinoza's idea of freedom. Facing multiple complex challenges in the present world, still contains the Spinoza free and democratic theory profound significance. The maintenance of individual freedom, democratic participation of citizens, the state itself should continue to promote the democratization process, in order to better safeguard the people's sovereignty infringement. At the same time, we should also see that Spinoza's theory also has some problems to be resolved, such as civil obedience problems that conflict between state power and individual freedom of religion, and the human is born some problems. The whole passion for our understanding and study of Spinoza thought It is of great significance to test the challenges faced by liberalism, but we need to properly cope with these risks and challenges.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D0

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