比较视野下的政党组织—成员形态研究

发布时间：2018-04-14 05:12

本文选题：政党初始形态 + 政党的渗透程度　；参考：《复旦大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究的核心问题是：什么样的党员规模和组织结构使政党在夺取或维持国家政权时能够获益更多?已有的关于政党组织形态的研究有四种路径：功能主义、组织学、历史主义和整合主义,这些研究通过不同的分类标准将政党的组织形态进行了分类。然而,不足之处在于,这些研究是基于已经存在的政党,或政党已经是既定状态之后,学者们再依据不同的标准进行分类,却没有考虑到政党从其产生到后来的发展过程中,基于外在环境的变化和自身所要达到的目标的不同,对自身的组织形态有着不断的调整。本文的研究更多的是遵循一种迪韦尔热的组织学的路径,研究起始点是政党作为“理性入”的角色。在“理性人”的假设下,政党作为政治生活中最重要的组织,其追求的最大利益是夺取或巩固政权。从其产生开始,有两个因素决定了政党在夺取和巩固国家政权时采取怎样的组织—成员形态：一是政党产生之初的形态,即政党是内生还是外生于体制内；二是政党对国家和社会的渗透程度。首先,政党成立之初的不同政治社会环境决定着政党的不同生成方式。内生型的政党是产生于议会之中的政党,属于体制内缓慢生长起来的政党组织,这种在体制内产生、具有内在合法性的政党,能够获得大量的国家资源来保证自身的生存和动员民众来夺取国家政权。这样,从政党生存延续和政党发展所需要的人力和资本角度来看,这些政党就不需要从社会中吸纳大量的成员来获取经济和人力资源,也就是说政党不需要大量具有成员资格的党员。从另—个方面来说,对于政党内的领袖而言,在能够获得大量国家资助的情况下,政党内部的人越少,获得政权之后所要兑现的政治恩赐的数量就越少,胜利成果被瓜分的可能性就越小,政党领袖所受的限制和约束也越少。这就是内生型政党多为精英型政党的原因所在。而外生型政党是在议会政治之外产生的,是在体制外生成的政党,其存在的目的首先是推翻现有政权而取而代之,因而是不合法的,是会被现存权力的掌握者所极力威胁和镇压的。在这种情况下,外生于体制的政党能够获得的来自国家的支持和资源几乎是不存在的,加上现政权的威胁,外生型的政党不得不依靠在社会中吸收大量的成员来获取自身生存和延续所需要的财力和人力资源。这样,外生型的政党通常会是具有大量党员的大众型政党。这是从政党是内生于体制还是外生于体制的角度上,对政党组织—成员结构进行的区分：内生型政党更倾向于成为党员数量较少的精英型政党,而外生型政党则更有可能成为党员数量众多的群众型政党。然而,仅从“内生”或“外生”的角度对政党的组织形态和成员结构进行划分是存在问题的：即这种区分只能在一定程度上满足需要——它未能考虑那些拥有同类起源的政党的组织差异。这就要引入另一个关键因素：政党对国家或社会的渗透程度。也就是说,我们在政党起源因素之外,还要考虑从夺取政权到巩固政权,随着政党与所处社会关系的变化,政党的组织形态也是会发生变化的,表现在政党成员上,成员的数量和结构也是会发生变化的。我们将这类变化的关键看作“政党对社会的渗透程度”,认为在基于政党起源形态(内生或外生)的基础上,政党越是想对国家和社会有所影响,就越是倾向于有着大量的党员和严格的组织结构。在“政党初始形态”和“政党对国家和社会的渗透程度”两个因素的影响下,研究中将不同类型的政党进行了划分,并以美国民主党共和党、英国工党、新加坡人民行动党和中国共产党为案例进行了详细论述。对于美国主要政党来说,从一开始在国会内部的小派别到后来全国性的松散联盟,美国主要政党的内生性、直接预选对政党提名权的剥夺和利益集团对政党的“反控制”,都使得其只需要少量核心党员和松散的组织结构形态,是内生—精英型政党的典型。英国工党则属于外生—大众型,与保守党和自由党不同,工党是在议会外产生的,其外生的起源方式要求工党寻求大量的成员数量来保证自己的生存——工会的成员以集体党员的方式加入工党。工会提供的财力和人力成为工党夺取国家政权的重要保障,但也使得工党大量的党员群体和组织结构徒有形式而没有实质。新加坡人民行动党属于外生型政党,但是它用严格的党员制度和邀请制弥补了党员数量较少的缺陷,对于最为关键的党员忠诚和组织结构依然没有放开,行动党通过在政府的干部党员和在基层选区的党支部和大量的外围组织实现了在多党竞争条件下的长期一党执政。对于中国共产党来说,作为外生型政党,在产生之初就需要大量的组织成员和严格的组织纪律来保障党在严酷环境下的自我生存与壮大；对于革命后的国家和社会而言,“党治国家”的逻辑是通过国家和社会中的大量党员群体和多层次的党的组织网络来实现的。
[Abstract]:The core problem of this study is: party size and organizational structure of what kind of party can benefit more in the capture or maintain state power? Study on party organization has four paths: functionalism, histology, historicism and conformity, these studies by different classification standard of Party organization morphological classification. However, the disadvantage is that the research is based on the existing political party, or the party has been established after the state, scholars are classified according to different standards, but did not take into account the party from the later in the development process, the changes in the external environment and to achieve the goal based on the different of their organization form has a continuous adjustment. The research in this paper is more of a Di Weir Ge follows the path of histology, the starting point is on political parties As a "rational" role. In the hypothesis of "rational people", as the most important political parties in the political life of the organization, the best interests of the pursuit of the capture or consolidate power. From the beginning, there are two factors that determine the party members take what kind of organization, to seize and consolidate the state power a: is the formation of the party at the beginning of the form, which is endogenous or exogenous from political parties within the system; two is the penetration of the party to the country and society. Firstly, different political parties founded at the beginning of the social environment determines the different generation party. Endogenous party is produced in the parliament party. The system belongs to the slow growth of the party organization, which produced within the system, has the inherent legitimacy of political parties, to acquire a large number of national resources to ensure their own survival and mobilize the people to seize state power. This kind of, From the political party's survival and the development of political parties need to continue the human capital perspective, these parties do not need to obtain economic and human resources from the society to absorb a large number of members, that is to say the party does not need a lot with membership of the party. From another aspect, the party leader, in can to obtain a large number of state funded under the condition of internal party less power to deliver the number after the political gift is less. The possibility of victory was divided by the smaller, limited and confined by the party leader is less. This is the endogenous reason for political elite party. Exogenous party is produced in Parliament outside politics, is generated in the system of the party, the first purpose is to overthrow the existing regime instead, so it is not legitimate, will be present The power of the master to threats and repression. In this case, the system of foreign born party can obtain the support from the country and resources are almost non-existent, and the regime's threats, external parties have to rely on absorb a large number of family members in society to obtain their own survival and development needs the financial and human resources. In this way, exogenous party is usually a mass party with a large number of members. This is from the party is born within or outside the system was born in view of the system, to distinguish between Party organization member structure: endogenous political parties tend to become less elite members of political parties the outer party, students are more likely to become mass party members in large numbers. However, only from the "endogenous" or "external" point of organization and structure of the party members is divided The problems that this distinction can only meet the needs of those who have the same origin it fails to consider party organization difference to a certain extent. It is necessary to introduce another key factor: the penetration of political parties on the country or society. That is to say, we are outside party origin factors, but also consider to seize power with the change of political party and consolidate the political power, the social relations, party organization form will also change, reflected in the party members, the number and structure of members will also change. We will be key to this kind of change as "penetration" party to the society, think in the form (based on the origin of political parties endogenous or exogenous) on the basis of the party is to have any effect on the country and the society, the more tend to have a large number of Party members and strict organizational structure. In the initial form of the party "and Effect of "penetration" party to the state and society two factors, study the different types of political parties were divided, and the Democratic Republicans, the British Labour Party, the people's Action Party of Singapore and the Communist Party China discussed as a case. The main political parties in the United States, from the beginning in the parliament factions later nationwide loose alliance, endogenous major political party in the United States, the direct primary on the party nomination rights deprived and interest groups on the party's "anti control", the structure of its core members and requires only a small amount of loose, is endogenous and elite party. The British Labour Party is typical belongs to the masses with different exogenous type, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, the Labour Party is outside the parliament, the exogenous origin of a large number of members of the Labour Party requires seeking to ensure their survival The trade union members to group members added to the labour party. The union provides financial and human resources has become an important guarantee for the labour party seized power in the country, but also makes a lot of Labour Party groups and organization structure only a form without substantial. The people's Action Party of Singapore belongs to external parties, but it has strict party system and the invitation for the defect of less number of Party members, for the most crucial party loyalty and organizational structure is still not open, action party in the long-term ruling by one party government and Party cadres at the grass-roots constituency of the Party branch and the peripheral group of a large number of fabric is realized in condition of multi-party competition. China for the Communist Party, as the external party. At the beginning, will require a large number of members of the organization and strict organizational discipline to ensure the growth of the party and in the harsh environment of self survival for the revolution; The state and society, "party state" logic is realized by a group of Party members in the country and society and multi level party organization network.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D05

【共引文献】