桑德尔政治哲学及其伦理探析

发布时间：2018-04-29 11:25

本文选题：桑德尔 + 政治哲学　；参考：《河南师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：美国哈佛大学政治学教授迈克尔·桑德尔是社群主义的代表人物。桑德尔在其代表作《自由主义与正义的局限》中阐发了他的社群主义伦理思想。桑德尔的社群主义政治哲学理论体系是在批判以罗尔斯为代表的自由主义理论过程中形成的。他继承亚里士多德的美德伦理观和黑格尔史观对罗尔斯所秉承的康德道德哲学思想和普遍主义传统发出责难，从“善”的伦理角度来审视公平、正义和权利、义务问题。桑德尔对自由主义理论的先验自我观、公平优先于善的元伦理思想、“无知之幕”下订立契约的理性和正义分配原则等观念进行学理剖析，指出自由主义理论的根本矛盾。在政治哲学和道德哲学层面颠覆了自由主义思想占主流意识形态的统治地位。开辟了以社群为基础，追寻公共的善的社群主义哲学思潮之路。本文由导论、三个章节和结束语几部分构成。导论大致介绍了桑德尔的生平以及国内外关于桑德尔政治哲学的研究现状并指出需更进一步研究的方向和必要性。列举本文的研究方法和基本思路。第一章，探讨了桑德尔政治哲学产生的社会背景和理论条件，梳理其理论发展的历史过程。美国在上世纪经济出现大的波动、贫富分化现象严重，同时也涌现出了许多知名学者，他们把握当代哲学的时代精髓，引导西方政治哲学的发展方向，桑德尔社群主义政治哲学思想便是在这样的学术环境中产生的。回溯上世纪七十年代，罗尔斯回答了以边沁和密尔为代表的古典自由主义者的困惑—在坚持维护个人权利的条件下如何牺牲少数的利益而实现大多数人的利益的矛盾，即公平正义问题，在此之后自由主义理论占据西方政治哲学的主流位置。八十年代初，桑德尔提出了社群主义思想，挑战自由主义理论。由此拉开了自由主义和社群主义两个学派的论战的序幕。第二章，研究了桑德尔对自由主义哲学的批判内容，并试图归纳其社群主义政治哲学的主体框架。桑德尔首先从自由主义理论的先验自我观念入手，全面批判自由主义。罗尔斯理论中的自我是指独立个体先天地拥有一个超验的自我，自我在“原初状态”和“无知之幕”下进行选择、订立契约，决定社会关系。因为在选择的过程中个人都是混沌无知和平等的，所以选择的结果同样也是正义的。由于这种原因个人选择的权利理应得到充分的保护，才能保证社会公平。桑德尔对这种观点进行反驳，恰恰相反社会应该是由构成性社群组成的，个人为了共同目的构成社群，社群决定个人属性，个人属性是由社群的目的和价值决定，个人应该置身于社群和历史之中。应该倡导公民追寻一种社群式的善和共同的目的。第三章，，从伦理学的角度解读桑德尔政治学理论，分析其伦理主体、善优先于权利的伦理观和公共的善的伦理意义，并讨论了研究桑德尔政治哲学的理论和现实意义。虽然我国经济发展，物质水平提高，社会更加公平。然而，人们却发现对生活缺少目标和动力，集体观淡化等现象愈发严重。桑德尔社群主义政治哲学是对正义理论的补充和完善，洞察了自由和权利之外的个人与社群的共同价值和目的，提倡实践理性，培养公民美德等思想都对我们审视自身经济、政治、文化建设过程中的问题和构建和谐社会具有一定的理论研究价值和实践借鉴意义。结束语部分回顾了桑德尔政治哲学的主要理论观点，从马克思主义哲学的角度审视桑德尔政治哲学。
[Abstract]:Michael Sander, a professor of political science at the Harvard University in the United States, is the representative of communitarianism. Sandel elucidated his communitarianism in his representative works "the limitations of liberalism and justice". Sandel's political philosophical theory of communitarianism is in the process of criticizing the liberalism theory represented by Rawls. He inherits Aristotle's virtues and ethics and Hagel's historical view to reprove Rawls's moral philosophy and universalism. From the ethical perspective of "good", he examines justice, justice and rights, obligations, and Sandel's transcendental self view of liberalism, and fairness precedes the good meta Lun. The idea of rationalism and the principle of distribution of justice under the curtain of ignorance, the fundamental contradiction of the theory of liberalism, has been pointed out in the political philosophy and moral philosophy, and the dominant ideology of the mainstream ideology is subverted by the political philosophy and the moral philosophy. The path of the ideological trend of thought.
This article is composed of introduction, three chapters and concluding remarks. The introduction gives a general introduction to the life of Sandel and the status of the research on Sandel's political philosophy at home and abroad, and points out the direction and necessity of further research, and lists the research methods and basic ideas of this article.
In the first chapter, the social background and the theoretical conditions of Sandel's political philosophy are discussed, and the historical process of the development of the theory is combed. In the last century, the United States had a great fluctuation in the economy, the polarization of the rich and the poor was serious, and many well-known scholars emerged. They grasped the essence of the contemporary philosophy and guided the development of Western political philosophy. Sandel's political philosophy of communitarianism came into being in such an academic environment. Back in the 70s last century, Rawls answered the puzzlement of the classical liberals represented by Bentham and mill - the spear of how to sacrifice the interests of a small number of people in the condition of upholding individual rights. At the beginning of the 80s, Sandel put forward the idea of communism and challenged the theory of liberalism, which opened the prelude to the debate between the two schools of liberalism and communitarianism.
The second chapter, the critical content of Sandel's philosophy of liberalism is studied and the main frame of the political philosophy of communitarianism is summed up. Sandel first starts from the transcendental self concept of liberalism and criticizes liberalism in an all-round way. The self in Rawls's theory refers to the independent individual with a transcendental self first. I choose in the "original state" and "the curtain of ignorance", make a contract and determine social relations. Because in the process of choice, the individual is ignorant and equal, so the result of choice is also just. For this reason, the right of individual choice should be fully protected, so that social fairness can be guaranteed. Sander It refutes this view, on the contrary, the society should be composed of the constituent community, the individual constitutes the community for the purpose of common purpose, the community determines the individual attribute, the individual attribute is determined by the purpose and value of the community, and the individual should be placed in the community and history. Objective.
The third chapter, from the perspective of ethics, analyzes Sandel's political theory, analyzes its ethical subject, the ethics of virtue and the ethical meaning of public good, and discusses the theoretical and practical significance of studying Sandel's political philosophy. Although China's economy is developing, the material water is improved, and the society is more fair, however, people find the right The political philosophy of Sandel communitarianism is a supplement and perfection to the theory of justice. It is an insight into the common values and aims of the individual and the community beyond the freedom and right, the promotion of practical reason and the cultivation of civic virtues, which all examine our own economy, politics and culture. The problems in the construction process and the construction of a harmonious society have certain theoretical research value and practical reference significance.
The concluding remarks have reviewed the main theoretical points of Sandel's political philosophy, and examined Sandel's political philosophy from the perspective of Marx's philosophy.

【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

【参考文献】