托克维尔的政治参与思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 00:41

本文选题：托克维尔 + 政治参与　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：19世纪的欧洲是一个交织着民主与暴政、自由与专制、改革与革命的波澜壮阔的时代。托克维尔认为,欧洲社会剧烈的转型使得身份平等的观念日益深入人心,传统意义上的拥有特权的封建贵族逐渐退出历史舞台,民主已成为社会发展的显著趋势。本文通过结合托克维尔所处的时代背景来探讨他民主理论中的政治参与思想,以揭示该理论对当今社会的现实意义。在民主的潮流下,个体独立意识日益提高,但由于对平等的盲目追求,导致每个人也几乎都变成了软弱无力的原子式的个人。个人主义和物欲主义的泛滥使得公共美德逐渐枯竭,个人越来越远离公共政治生活,这样就理所当然地为专制的出现敞开了道路。而政治参与的重要作用就是通过振奋公民意识,磨砺参政精神,从而在日常的公共政治生活中有效地抑制潜在的专制倾向。那么如何才能有效的保障公民的政治参与?笔者认为应该从教育、宗教、法律和市民社会等方面来培育公民的参与意识。其中,政治教育是培育公共精神的基础,公民宗教可以塑造政治参与的民情,法制是政治参与有序的制度保障,而市民社会从某种程度上可以说是以上三者的融合,它通过制约公权力的方式来为公民的政治参与提供保障。进行政治参与的前提是在“正确理解的利益”原则的指导下,调节个人利益和公共利益之间的关系,在参与乡镇公共生活的同时,使个人利益和公共利益得到有效的统一。自下而上的政治参与通过以乡镇生活和地方自治为起点,以政治结社和创办报刊为主要方式,来培育市民社会的公共精神,从而有效地避免新型专制的出现。托克维尔政治参与思想的落脚点是如何有效地进行政治参与,才能避免民主时代下的专制倾向,最终实现政治自由。可以用一句话来概括托克维尔政治参与思想的基本内涵:通过乡镇自治来保障政治自由。文章最后讨论了托克维尔政治参与思想的重要价值和现实启示,着重阐述了其政治民情、宗教信仰和政治自由思想对当代中国民主政治建设的现实意义。当我们环顾中国,显然我们正在步入托克维尔所说的民主化时代,社会主义现代化建设也必须应对民主化事实所带来的物质主义、个人主义以及公共道德的衰竭等问题。一系列的社会问题的出现,都促使我们不得不重新去审视托克维尔,以他的真知灼见来思考当下中国现实中的社会问题。当然,我们不能照搬其政治思想,但是对其政治参与思想的深入研究,至少可以让我们在未来的制度设计中多一些参考,少走一些弯路。
[Abstract]:Europe in the 19 th century was a magnificent time of democracy and tyranny, freedom and despotism, reform and revolution. Tocqueville believed that the violent transformation of European society made the concept of identity equality more and more popular. Traditional feudal aristocrats with privileges gradually withdrew from the historical stage and democracy had become a remarkable trend of social development. This paper discusses the political participation thought in Tocqueville's democratic theory in order to reveal its practical significance to the present society. Under the trend of democracy, the consciousness of individual independence is increasing day by day, but because of the blind pursuit of equality, almost everyone has become a feeble atomic individual. The proliferation of individualism and materialism has dried up the public virtues and kept individuals away from public political life, thus opening the way for the emergence of autocracy. The important role of political participation is to effectively suppress the latent autocracy in the daily public political life by inspiring the civic consciousness and sharpening the spirit of participating in politics. So how to effectively protect the political participation of citizens? The author thinks that the citizen's participation consciousness should be cultivated from the aspects of education, religion, law and civil society. Among them, political education is the basis of cultivating public spirit, citizen religion can shape the people's feelings of political participation, the legal system is the institutional guarantee of political participation, and the civil society can be said to be the fusion of the above three to some extent. It provides protection for citizens' political participation by restricting public power. The premise of political participation is to regulate the relationship between personal interests and public interests under the guidance of the principle of "correct understanding of interests", so that the personal interests and public interests can be effectively unified while participating in the public life of villages and towns. The bottom-up political participation takes the township life and local autonomy as the starting point, political association and the establishment of newspapers as the main way to cultivate the public spirit of the civil society, thus effectively avoiding the emergence of a new type of autocracy. The foothold of Tocqueville's thought of political participation is how to effectively carry out political participation in order to avoid the autocratic tendency in the democratic era and finally realize political freedom. The basic connotation of Tocqueville's thought of political participation can be summed up in one sentence: to guarantee political freedom through township autonomy. Finally, the paper discusses the important value and practical enlightenment of Tocqueville's thought of political participation, and emphatically expounds the realistic significance of his political feelings, religious beliefs and political freedom to the construction of contemporary Chinese democratic politics. When we look around China, it is obvious that we are stepping into the era of democratization as described by Tocqueville. The socialist modernization must also deal with the problems of materialism, individualism and the exhaustion of public morality caused by the fact of democratization. The emergence of a series of social problems, we have to re-examine Tocqueville, with his insights to reflect on the current Chinese reality of social problems. Of course, we can not copy his political thought, but the in-depth study of his thought of political participation can at least let us in the future system design more reference, less detours.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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