福山政治秩序理论研究
发布时间：2018-07-17 07:03
【摘要】：政治秩序理论问题是现代政治学研究的热点话题,各个专家学者对于政治秩序理论内涵的看法尽不相同,本文着重论述了福山对政治秩序理论的看法和观点。海内外关于政治秩序的研究著述颇多,但是很多学者都是从某一方面研究思路出发进行单一方面的探究,缺乏学界需要的系统性与整体性,本文尝试给福山的政治秩序理论勾勒出一条较为清晰的理论框架,从整体上对福山的政治秩序进行系统的研究,希望能给海内外研究政治秩序的专家和学者提供某些借鉴和启示。本文紧紧抓住福山政治秩序理论的核心:平衡的政治秩序,以此为研究起点,系统逻辑的展开。其基本思路是,想要建立良好平衡的政治秩序,即“到达丹麦”这样民主、高效、廉洁、公平的国家,无论是发展中国家或发达国家必须首先建立强大的政府,完成国家建构,这样的国家建构有哪些标志呢?如:有健全的官僚体系、能为本国公民提供良好的公共服务和基础设施、强大的国防和政府执行力。这是本国政治发展的前提条件。其次是建立良好的法治体系,形成完备的法治监督体系,破除“人治”思维藩篱,建立“依法治国”为目标,在法律面前人人平等、人人守法、依法办事的良好法治生态体系。再次是要建立民主负责制,通过自由和公正的多党选举制,使公民能给选择和约束他们的统治者。最后是强大而稳定的国家建构——完善有效的法治体系——良好的民主负责制度三者之间的平衡。人类天生基于亲戚选择和互惠利他的原则进行社会交往,这也为政治衰败埋下了伏笔。构成政治秩序要件的三大部分也有发展的顺序,福山理想次序的论述中,先以有效国家建构为前提,着重强调国家建构对法治和民主负责制的基础性作用,但是这种顺序也存在些质疑,不同国家有不同的发展模式至于哪一种顺序更好要看本国的具体国情。在一定程度上,福山打破了美国的中心主义肯定了中国等发展中国家的某些优势,这是福山的突破。在推动政治秩序前进的道路上,每个国家的政治制度的前进都是按照变异和选择的原则来适应社会的发展要求,当产生制度的环境发生变化时,如果制度不能适应,那么就面临淘汰的危险,该国就会选择另一项新的制度来代替落后的制度。政治衰败的表现就是原有的政治秩序构成要素无法适应变化过的环境。美国的否决型政治就是典型的例子,美国权力体系中到处充满了否决点,一项议案的通过要经历各方的制衡与否决,效率极其低下,在福山看来基于亲戚选择和互惠利他原则的庇护政治使美国的政治前景黯淡,这就是所谓的美国政治衰败。福山是典型的中国问题专家,中国历史上发展出了第一个现代国家制度,然而在法治和民主负责制方面需要加强和改进,这一点对中国有极大的启迪作用。
[Abstract]:The theory of political order is a hot topic in the study of modern political science, and various experts and scholars have different views on the connotation of political order theory. This paper focuses on Fukuyama's views and viewpoints on the theory of political order. There are a lot of works on political order at home and abroad, but many scholars have carried out a single research from a certain aspect, lacking the systematicness and wholeness that the academic circles need. This paper attempts to outline a clear theoretical framework for Fushan's political order theory, and makes a systematic study on Fushan's political order as a whole. Hope to provide some reference and inspiration to experts and scholars studying political order at home and abroad. This paper grasps the core of Fukuyama's political order theory: balanced political order. The basic idea is that in order to establish a good balanced political order, a democratic, efficient, clean and fair country such as "to Denmark", whether developing or developed, must first establish a strong government and complete the construction of the country. What are the symbols of such nation-building? For example, have a sound bureaucracy, can provide good public services and infrastructure for their citizens, strong defense and government execution. This is a prerequisite for political development in the country. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a good legal system, form a complete supervision system of the rule of law, break down the barriers of thinking of "rule by man", and establish a good ecological system of rule of law with the goal of "governing the country according to law", equality before the law, everyone abiding by the law, and handling affairs according to law. The third is to establish democratic accountability, through free and fair multiparty elections, to enable citizens to choose and bind their rulers. Finally, there is a balance between a strong and stable state-a perfect and effective system of rule of law-a good democratic system of responsibility. The fact that humans are born to socialize on the basis of the choice of relatives and the principle of reciprocal altruism also sets the stage for political decline. The three major parts of the elements of political order also have the order of development. In the discussion of the ideal order of Fukuyama, the premise of effective national construction is first emphasized, and the basic role of national construction in the rule of law and democratic responsibility system is emphasized. However, there are some doubts about this order. Different countries have different models of development, and which order is better depends on their specific national conditions. To some extent, Fushan broke American centralism and affirmed some advantages of developing countries such as China, which was Fushan's breakthrough. On the road of pushing forward the political order, every country's political system advances in accordance with the principle of variation and choice to adapt to the requirements of social development. When the environment in which the system is produced changes, if the system fails to adapt, The country is in danger of being phased out and will opt for a new system instead of a backward one. The expression of political decline is that the original elements of political order can not adapt to the changed environment. The United States' veto politics is a typical example. The power system of the United States is full of veto points. The passage of a bill has to go through checks and balances and vetoes from all sides, and it is extremely inefficient. In Fukuyama's view, asylum based on the principles of kinship selection and reciprocal altruism darkens America's political prospects, known as American political decline. Fushan is a typical expert in China. The first modern state system has been developed in Chinese history. However, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the rule of law and democratic responsibility system, which has a great enlightening effect on China.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D0
本文编号：2129518
[Abstract]:The theory of political order is a hot topic in the study of modern political science, and various experts and scholars have different views on the connotation of political order theory. This paper focuses on Fukuyama's views and viewpoints on the theory of political order. There are a lot of works on political order at home and abroad, but many scholars have carried out a single research from a certain aspect, lacking the systematicness and wholeness that the academic circles need. This paper attempts to outline a clear theoretical framework for Fushan's political order theory, and makes a systematic study on Fushan's political order as a whole. Hope to provide some reference and inspiration to experts and scholars studying political order at home and abroad. This paper grasps the core of Fukuyama's political order theory: balanced political order. The basic idea is that in order to establish a good balanced political order, a democratic, efficient, clean and fair country such as "to Denmark", whether developing or developed, must first establish a strong government and complete the construction of the country. What are the symbols of such nation-building? For example, have a sound bureaucracy, can provide good public services and infrastructure for their citizens, strong defense and government execution. This is a prerequisite for political development in the country. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a good legal system, form a complete supervision system of the rule of law, break down the barriers of thinking of "rule by man", and establish a good ecological system of rule of law with the goal of "governing the country according to law", equality before the law, everyone abiding by the law, and handling affairs according to law. The third is to establish democratic accountability, through free and fair multiparty elections, to enable citizens to choose and bind their rulers. Finally, there is a balance between a strong and stable state-a perfect and effective system of rule of law-a good democratic system of responsibility. The fact that humans are born to socialize on the basis of the choice of relatives and the principle of reciprocal altruism also sets the stage for political decline. The three major parts of the elements of political order also have the order of development. In the discussion of the ideal order of Fukuyama, the premise of effective national construction is first emphasized, and the basic role of national construction in the rule of law and democratic responsibility system is emphasized. However, there are some doubts about this order. Different countries have different models of development, and which order is better depends on their specific national conditions. To some extent, Fushan broke American centralism and affirmed some advantages of developing countries such as China, which was Fushan's breakthrough. On the road of pushing forward the political order, every country's political system advances in accordance with the principle of variation and choice to adapt to the requirements of social development. When the environment in which the system is produced changes, if the system fails to adapt, The country is in danger of being phased out and will opt for a new system instead of a backward one. The expression of political decline is that the original elements of political order can not adapt to the changed environment. The United States' veto politics is a typical example. The power system of the United States is full of veto points. The passage of a bill has to go through checks and balances and vetoes from all sides, and it is extremely inefficient. In Fukuyama's view, asylum based on the principles of kinship selection and reciprocal altruism darkens America's political prospects, known as American political decline. Fushan is a typical expert in China. The first modern state system has been developed in Chinese history. However, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the rule of law and democratic responsibility system, which has a great enlightening effect on China.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D0
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