道德论语中的责任行政

发布时间：2018-08-23 12:45

【摘要】： 在公共行政发展的百余年中,尤其是西方公共行政,公共行政价值取向也随着历史的发展而不断演进,在对诸如“效率与经济”、“社会公平”等公共行政价值取向的反思以及对行政人员这种特殊的职业群体的思考基础上,本文指出在现代公共行政中,尤其我们正在试图构建服务型政府中,责任是一种“先在性”的价值取向。公共行政的实践中所遇到各种各样的冲突存在这些价值取向本身以及它们之间。责任不再是以往社会治理模式中的工作任务,而是一种价值取向,在这种价值取向的引导下,使得行政人员承当责任的过程“不再是一种外在于他的负担,而是一种内在于他的使命”。责任冲突发生的内在机理在于行政人员的意志自由和行为自由。基于不同的行为倾向所做出的符合规范的行为,都应当是负责任的行为,这对于行政行为主体而言实现起来是非常困难的。行政人员在面对责任冲突时通常采取“照章办事”、“服从上级命令”或“超越规范”的途径来应对。要实现行政人员责任冲突时的负责任的行政行为,就应当把制度化的实现途径与人的道德信念结合起来,这种途径能否实现是由行政人员的道德自觉所决定的。在整个工业社会的治理体系中,行政人员通常处于一种被动的受控制状态。而服务型社会治理模式则不仅否定了管理型社会治理模式为驱除行政人员的自主性人格的做法,而且要求行政人员拥有自主性人格,并在社会制度设计中充分体现行政人员的人格化特征。行政人员面临组织的目标、失范的组织规范、集体利益与价值观的重重压力,以及法律与制度在维护个人自主性人格上的缺乏与无力,使得行政人员无法辨认清楚自己的责任范围。因而,行政人员不能仅仅满足于把独立思考和自主行动作为一种义务来承当,需要对自己有着更高的要求,即在公共行政活动中,对自己的独立判断和自主行动有着充分的自觉,把执行命令、遵纪依法与自己的自主思想和独立行为有机地统一起来,并将之提升为他的人格。在公共行政组织生活中,不畏强权,敢做敢当,超越盲从与依附,时时处处根据公共行政职业性质的要求和行政人员克服困难、解决问题的个人意识和自主性人格,去承当公共行政的职业使命和回应公共行政客体的服务期望。行政人员的主观选择建立在他对其所应承当的行政责任和法律责任有明确的意识的基础上的。行政人员只要有着主动承担责任的道德意识,就总能够发现自己的责任之所在。而这与管理型社会治理模式下,行政人员的消极的、被动的责任承当方式完全不同,行政人员自觉地、积极主动地将客观性的法律责任和行政责任转化为自身的道德信念,成为一种主观性的道德责任,作为其行动的内在驱动力,使其在实现责任的行政活动中有着更高的责任目标追求。道德责任是以法律责任和行政责任为依据的行政人员的自觉责任。通过主观化的过程,我们将责任实现的制度化途径与行政人员的道德信念相整合。显然,它们各因素之间存在着某种冲突关系,我们将这种相互冲突的因素放在一起,旨在为行政人员提供一种指导,一方面可以防止组织的部门利益、规范失范、运行僵化与等级专制,另一方面也可以防止行政人员的堕落腐败、盲从依附、独断专行以及缺乏使命感。实现这一过程的关键在于行政人员的道德自觉,在责任选择上,行政人员将法律责任和行政责任转化为其内在的道德信念;在责任的内化上,则通过主观化过程实现法律责任和行政责任向道德责任的转化;在责任的实现上,行政人员将道德责任转化为其行动的内在驱动力,并使其有更高的责任目标追求。责任行政是公共行政活动中行政人员的一种行为状态。责任作为一种先在性的价值取向,引导着行政人员做出有效率的、符合社会公平正义的行政行为。这种行政行为是超越外在负担的内在使命,是超越盲从与依附的行政行为,是负责任的行政行为。然而我们必须承认,本文所论述的责任行政及其实现途径,并非某些特定的行政组织所能够独立地实现的,这些途径所涉及的范围广,行动相关方多,因而很多工作都需要组织内外人力、物力、政策、法规等资源的共同合作。责任行政研究对于我们服务型政府的责任体系建设有着特定的意义,所以它不仅仅是公共行政理论界的任务,也是公共行政实践界的任务,这将是我们服务型政府责任体系建设的一项振奋人心的事业。
[Abstract]:In the past hundred years of the development of public administration, especially in Western countries, the value orientation of public administration has been evolving with the development of history. On the basis of reflections on the value orientation of public administration such as efficiency and economy, social equity and the special professional group of administrative personnel, this paper points out that In modern public administration, especially when we are trying to construct a service-oriented government, responsibility is a value orientation of "pre-existence". Under the guidance of this value orientation, the process of administrative personnel assuming responsibility is no longer an external burden, but an internal mission.
The intrinsic mechanism of the conflict of responsibility lies in the freedom of will and behavior of the administrative personnel.The behavior conforming to the norms made on the basis of different behavior tendencies should be responsible behavior,which is very difficult for the administrative actors to realize. In order to realize the responsible administrative behavior in the conflict of responsibilities of administrative personnel, we should combine the institutionalized approach with people's moral beliefs. Whether this approach can be realized or not depends on the administrative personnel's moral consciousness.
In the governance system of the whole industrial society, the administrative personnel are usually in a passive controlled state, while the service-oriented social governance model not only negates the Management-oriented Social Governance Model as a way to expel the autonomous personality of the administrative personnel, but also requires the administrative personnel to have the autonomous personality, and fully in the design of the social system. The administrative personnel are confronted with the objectives of the organization, the anomie of organizational norms, the pressure of collective interests and values, and the lack and weakness of laws and systems in safeguarding individual autonomous personality, which makes it impossible for the administrative personnel to identify their own scope of responsibility. In order to take independent thinking and independent action as an obligation to undertake, we need to have a higher demand on ourselves, that is, in public administration activities, to have full consciousness of their own independent judgment and independent action, to carry out orders, comply with discipline and according to law with their own independent thinking and independent behavior organic unity, and upgrade it to His personality. In the life of public administration organizations, he is not afraid of power, dare to do his duty, go beyond blind obedience and dependence, and always take on the professional mission of public administration and respond to the service expectation of the public administration object according to the requirements of the professional nature of public administration and the personal consciousness and independent personality of administrators to overcome difficulties and solve problems.
The subjective choice of the administrative personnel is based on his clear awareness of the administrative and legal responsibilities he should undertake. As long as the administrative personnel have the moral awareness of taking the responsibility initiatively, they can always find out where their responsibilities lie. The way of assuming responsibility is totally different. The administrative personnel consciously and actively transform the objective legal responsibility and administrative responsibility into their own moral beliefs, and become a subjective moral responsibility, as the internal driving force of their actions, so that they have a higher goal of responsibility in the administrative activities to achieve responsibility.
Moral responsibility is the conscious responsibility of administrative personnel based on legal responsibility and administrative responsibility. Through the process of subjectivism, we integrate the institutionalized approach to the realization of responsibility with the moral beliefs of administrative personnel. Obviously, there is a conflict between the various factors, and we put these conflicting factors together. Providing guidance for administrators, on the one hand, can prevent the departmental interests of the organization, normative anomie, rigid operation and hierarchical autocracy, on the other hand, can also prevent the degeneration and corruption of administrators, blind dependence, arbitrary and lack of sense of mission. On the one hand, administrators transform legal responsibility and administrative responsibility into their internal moral beliefs; on the other hand, they transform legal responsibility and administrative responsibility into moral responsibility through the process of subjectivism; on the other hand, administrators transform moral responsibility into the internal driving force of their actions and make them have higher responsibilities. Goal pursuit.
Responsible administration is a kind of behavioral state of administrative personnel in public administrative activities.Responsibility, as a kind of value orientation of prior nature, guides administrative personnel to make efficient and social fair and just administrative acts.This kind of administrative acts is the internal mission of surpassing external burdens, is an administrative act surpassing blind obedience and dependence, and is responsible. However, we must admit that the responsible administration and its realization ways discussed in this paper can not be realized independently by certain specific administrative organizations. These ways involve a wide range of actors, so a lot of work needs the joint cooperation of human, material resources, policies, regulations and other resources inside and outside the organization. The study of responsible administration is of special significance to the construction of the responsibility system of our service-oriented government, so it is not only the task of the theoretical circle of public administration, but also the task of the practical circle of public administration.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D035

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