现代公共生活的建构：托克维尔政治哲学研究
发布时间：2018-10-11 08:30
【摘要】：本文考察的对象是托克维尔的政治哲学。随着传统社会向现代社会的深入转型,传统社会在思想、观念和制度上的束缚逐步被解除,个人的主体性得到确立,自由成为现代人最基本的价值取向。如何实现和维护现代人的自由是近现代政治哲学家们所关注的核心问题,托克维尔就是他们其中的一员。托克维尔自由理念的公共视域具有深刻的政治哲学维度,在社会生活层面提出了一种公共生活的要求,为我们思考现代公共生活提供了一个思想原点,并使他与早期的古典自由主义思想家们区分开来。对此,本文试图把托克维尔置于传统社会向现代社会深入转型的时代格局中,在与西方古典自由主义政治思想家的政治哲学进行对比分析的基础上,围绕着公共生活及其如何可能的问题对托克维尔的政治哲学展开研究。 第一章主要考察了托克维尔政治哲学的时代背景与问题意识。本文认为,托克维尔所处的时代是从传统社会向现代社会深刻转变的时代,是民主社会普遍到来的时代,近现代启蒙思想家的著述为这个时代的到来做好了思想准备,法国大革命是这个时代到来的显著标志。在此基础上,本文着重讨论了托克维尔政治哲学的问题意识——公共生活的缺失,考察了民主条件下公共生活的缺失的表现及其对现代社会所造成的深刻影响。本文认为,民主社会状况下公共生活的缺失突出表现在民主的温和专制倾向与中产阶级政治的封闭性；而公共生活的缺失直接关系到现代公民的个体性生存危机与现代民主政治秩序的建立。 第二章主要考察了托克维尔的新政治科学,试图讨论现代公共生活的可能性。在本文看来,面对公共生活的缺失及其所带来的严重后果,托克维尔把目光转向政治,提出了要建立新政治科学,从而为民主社会的公共生活奠定了理论前提。托克维尔的新政治科学表明：在现代社会,政治不但是必须的,而且政治需要向社会和人性回归；政治的核心问题不是权力的争斗,而是要不断提升人的灵魂,托克维尔的新政治科学的目的就是要把虚弱的原子化个人培养成为具有崇高品性的现代公民,而这只有在公共生活中才能完成,公共生活是公民教育的根本途径。 第三章主要考察了现代公共生活如何建构的问题。本文从观念层面、制度层面与技术层面阐释了托克维尔关于现代公共生活如何建构的基本思想。在观念层面上,首先表现在要清除几种错误的思想观念,包括泛神论、政治无神论、唯物主义、重农学派的国家观念、社会主义以及基于贫困而对政府的依赖观念；与之对应,需要保持的正确观念是宗教信仰与骄傲的激情,因为宗教的政治维度与骄傲的情感有利于公共生活的展开。在制度层面上,本文认为托克维尔区分了政治集权与行政集权,提出了关于政治集权与行政分权的制度构想,这为民主社会公共生活的展开开辟了广泛的空间。从技术层面上,分析了公共生活的展开必须从小事做起,从小的公共事务的广泛参与中可以不断激发广大民众对公共生活的兴趣,可以不断锻炼其参与公共生活的能力,可以为持久的公共生活的展开创造条件。在此基础上,本文讨论了民主社会公共生活的几种基本样式：乡镇自治、选举、陪审与结社。 第四章从民主政治秩序和现代人的自由与尊严的角度考察了现代公共生活所具有的价值和意义。本文认为,在从传统社会向现代社会转型的过程中,公民问题是早期现代政治思想家们思考现代政治秩序时所关注的重要问题,而托克维尔是这一思想传统的继承者：在托克维尔那里,公共生活使广大民众从狭隘的私人生活走出来,成为真正的政治人,为现代民主政治秩序的建立奠定了广泛的社会基础。更为重要的是,公共生活有助于现代公民摆脱古典自由主义的误区,使广大公民认识到只有公共自由或政治自由才能真正保障公民自由的完满性；也只有在公共生活中,现代公民才能不断得到满足和完善,才能真正感受到作为人的尊严。 结语部分,本文试图表明民主社会是一个平等的大众社会,民主社会的到来标志着特权阶层的逐渐消失和平民阶层的不断兴起,原本只供特权阶层所享有和满足的政治生活已经不能适应民主社会的需要。在民主社会,政治生活是需要普遍满足的生活,民主政治应该真正把广大的平民阶层纳入其中,后革命时代的民主政治更应该要把那些没有经过政治生活锻炼的普通民众纳入其中,使他们从狭隘的私人生活中走出来,培养他们的公共生活习性,不断提高他们的精神境界和整个民族的群体性知性素养。只有这样,才能真正为民主政治奠定坚实的社会基础,才能真正体现出人类共同的善——自由与尊严。
[Abstract]:The object of this thesis is the political philosophy of Torqueville. With the deep transformation of the traditional society to the modern society, the shackles of the traditional society in the thought, the concept and the system are gradually released, the subjectivity of the individual is established, and the freedom becomes the most basic value orientation of modern people. How to realize and maintain the freedom of modern people is the core problem of modern political philosophers, and Torqueville is one of them. The public horizon of Torqueville's free idea has deep political philosophy dimension, puts forward a public life requirement at the social life level, provides a thought origin for us to think about the modern public life, and distinguishes him from the early classical liberalism thinkers. In this paper, we try to put Torqueville on the basis of comparative analysis with the political philosophy of the western classical liberalism political thinkers in the era of the traditional society's in-depth transformation to the modern society. The political philosophy of Torqueville was studied around the public life and its possible problems. The first chapter mainly inspects the background and problems of the political philosophy of Torqueville. The time from the traditional society to the modern society is the era of the universal arrival of the democratic society, and the historical materialism of the modern enlightenment thinker has made a good idea for the coming of this era. To be prepared, the French Revolution was a remarkable time for the time On the basis of this, this paper discusses the problem consciousness of the political philosophy of Torqueville, the lack of public life, the expression of the lack of public life under the condition of democracy and the profound influence on the modern society. This article holds that the lack of public life in the state of democratic society is manifested in the closeness of democracy and the closing of middle class politics, while the lack of public life is directly related to the individual existence crisis of modern citizens and the modern democratic political order. The second chapter mainly inspects the new political science of Torqueville and tries to discuss the modern public life. In this article, to face the lack of public life and the serious consequences brought by it, Toberville turned his eyes to politics and put forward a new political science, which laid the foundation for the public life of the democratic society. On the premise of theory, the new political science of Toberville has shown that in modern society, politics is not but necessary, and political needs to return to society and humanity; the core problem of politics is not the struggle of power, but to constantly mention The purpose of the new political science of Torqueville is to cultivate the weak human beings into modern citizens with noble character, which can only be accomplished in public life, and public life is civic education. The third chapter mainly examines the modern public life. On the basis of the concept, the institutional level and the technical level, this paper explains the modern public life from the perspective of the concept, the institutional level and the technical level. The basic thought of how to construct. At the conceptual level, it first appears that we should clear several wrong ideas, including pantheism, political atheism, materialism, the concept of the country, socialism and the dependence of poverty on the government. The correct concept that needs to be maintained is the passion of religious belief and pride, because the political dimension of religion is beneficial to the emotion of pride. At the institutional level, this paper holds that Toberville distinguishes between political centralization and administrative centralization, and puts forward a system conception about political centralization and decentralization, which is the development of the public life of the democratic society. It has opened up a lot of space. From the technical level, the analysis of the public life must start from the small things, the wide participation of the small-sized public affairs can arouse the public interest in public life unceasingly, can constantly exercise its ginseng The ability to live with public life can be a lasting public life On this basis, this paper discusses several basic styles of public life of democratic society: township self-government, The fourth chapter investigates the modern public from the angle of democracy and political order and the freedom and dignity of modern people. In the process of social transformation from the traditional society to the modern society, the citizen's problem is the important problem of the early modern political thinkers to think about the modern political order. In Torqueville, public life allowed the masses to walk out of the narrow private life, becoming a genuine political man and building a modern democratic political order. It has laid a broad social foundation. More importantly, public life can help modern citizens get rid of the misunderstanding of classical liberalism, so that the citizens realize that only public freedom or political freedom can truly guarantee the fullness of civil liberties; and only in public life, modern citizens In order to be satisfied and improved continuously, talents can be obtained. In the conclusion part, this article attempts to show that the democratic society is an equal mass society, the arrival of democratic society marks the gradual disappearance of privileged class and the rising of the civilian stratum, and it is only for the political life enjoyed and satisfied by the privileged class. Live already cannot adapt to the needs of the democratic society. In the democratic society, the political life is a life that needs universal satisfaction, the democratic politics should really include the masses of civilians in it, the democratic politics in the post-revolutionary era should be more important for those who do not pass through the administration The common people governing life exercise are included in them, allowing them to walk out of narrow private life, develop their public life habits, and constantly improve their spiritual environment Only in this way can we lay a solid social foundation for democratic politics to be true
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09
本文编号：2263524
[Abstract]:The object of this thesis is the political philosophy of Torqueville. With the deep transformation of the traditional society to the modern society, the shackles of the traditional society in the thought, the concept and the system are gradually released, the subjectivity of the individual is established, and the freedom becomes the most basic value orientation of modern people. How to realize and maintain the freedom of modern people is the core problem of modern political philosophers, and Torqueville is one of them. The public horizon of Torqueville's free idea has deep political philosophy dimension, puts forward a public life requirement at the social life level, provides a thought origin for us to think about the modern public life, and distinguishes him from the early classical liberalism thinkers. In this paper, we try to put Torqueville on the basis of comparative analysis with the political philosophy of the western classical liberalism political thinkers in the era of the traditional society's in-depth transformation to the modern society. The political philosophy of Torqueville was studied around the public life and its possible problems. The first chapter mainly inspects the background and problems of the political philosophy of Torqueville. The time from the traditional society to the modern society is the era of the universal arrival of the democratic society, and the historical materialism of the modern enlightenment thinker has made a good idea for the coming of this era. To be prepared, the French Revolution was a remarkable time for the time On the basis of this, this paper discusses the problem consciousness of the political philosophy of Torqueville, the lack of public life, the expression of the lack of public life under the condition of democracy and the profound influence on the modern society. This article holds that the lack of public life in the state of democratic society is manifested in the closeness of democracy and the closing of middle class politics, while the lack of public life is directly related to the individual existence crisis of modern citizens and the modern democratic political order. The second chapter mainly inspects the new political science of Torqueville and tries to discuss the modern public life. In this article, to face the lack of public life and the serious consequences brought by it, Toberville turned his eyes to politics and put forward a new political science, which laid the foundation for the public life of the democratic society. On the premise of theory, the new political science of Toberville has shown that in modern society, politics is not but necessary, and political needs to return to society and humanity; the core problem of politics is not the struggle of power, but to constantly mention The purpose of the new political science of Torqueville is to cultivate the weak human beings into modern citizens with noble character, which can only be accomplished in public life, and public life is civic education. The third chapter mainly examines the modern public life. On the basis of the concept, the institutional level and the technical level, this paper explains the modern public life from the perspective of the concept, the institutional level and the technical level. The basic thought of how to construct. At the conceptual level, it first appears that we should clear several wrong ideas, including pantheism, political atheism, materialism, the concept of the country, socialism and the dependence of poverty on the government. The correct concept that needs to be maintained is the passion of religious belief and pride, because the political dimension of religion is beneficial to the emotion of pride. At the institutional level, this paper holds that Toberville distinguishes between political centralization and administrative centralization, and puts forward a system conception about political centralization and decentralization, which is the development of the public life of the democratic society. It has opened up a lot of space. From the technical level, the analysis of the public life must start from the small things, the wide participation of the small-sized public affairs can arouse the public interest in public life unceasingly, can constantly exercise its ginseng The ability to live with public life can be a lasting public life On this basis, this paper discusses several basic styles of public life of democratic society: township self-government, The fourth chapter investigates the modern public from the angle of democracy and political order and the freedom and dignity of modern people. In the process of social transformation from the traditional society to the modern society, the citizen's problem is the important problem of the early modern political thinkers to think about the modern political order. In Torqueville, public life allowed the masses to walk out of the narrow private life, becoming a genuine political man and building a modern democratic political order. It has laid a broad social foundation. More importantly, public life can help modern citizens get rid of the misunderstanding of classical liberalism, so that the citizens realize that only public freedom or political freedom can truly guarantee the fullness of civil liberties; and only in public life, modern citizens In order to be satisfied and improved continuously, talents can be obtained. In the conclusion part, this article attempts to show that the democratic society is an equal mass society, the arrival of democratic society marks the gradual disappearance of privileged class and the rising of the civilian stratum, and it is only for the political life enjoyed and satisfied by the privileged class. Live already cannot adapt to the needs of the democratic society. In the democratic society, the political life is a life that needs universal satisfaction, the democratic politics should really include the masses of civilians in it, the democratic politics in the post-revolutionary era should be more important for those who do not pass through the administration The common people governing life exercise are included in them, allowing them to walk out of narrow private life, develop their public life habits, and constantly improve their spiritual environment Only in this way can we lay a solid social foundation for democratic politics to be true
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09
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