论马克思恩格斯的民族国家观

发布时间：2018-10-31 10:34

【摘要】：马克思恩格斯均没有专题探讨民族国家理论,对他们而言,民族只是从属于阶级与政治国家的次要性概念,国家也多是限于政治国家。单一民族国家是合于古典自由主义及其早期资本主义的民族国家类型,超民族国家的实质则是资本帝国主义。对古典自由主义、国家学、历史主义、保守主义以及“文明国家”的批判,表明马克思恩格斯并不认同单一民族国家以及超民族国家的政治建构,对斯密及李斯特等的批判,即蕴含着对单一民族国家观的批判,对“帝国”的批判,即蕴含着对超民族国家批判。依马克思恩格斯的社会化思想,民族不过是一种特殊类型的社会,因而不宜实体化,也不应与国家对立起来。与诸多国民经济学家有意混淆国族(nation)与民族(ethnic)不同,马克思主张将两者明确区分开来,在马克思本人的政治理论中,已经包含着国族建构与族群文化多样性相统一的思想;恩格斯有关国族(nation)与民族(nationality)的区分,则开启了现代政治理论“政治民族”(political nation)与“文化民族”(cultural nation)的区分。在理解马克思恩格斯的民族理论及其国家理论时,需要将阶级分析与人类主体性的历史建构结合起来,因而,第二国际超阶级的民族国家理论,以及种种民粹主义式的民族国家观,都是需要加以批判的。马克思恩格斯超越资本主义,反对民粹主义、无政府主义与激进主义的社会政治构想,实包含着对多民族国家形态的肯定,也是现代中国多民族国家建构的基本资源。
[Abstract]:Marx and Engels did not discuss the theory of nation-state. To them, nationality is only a subordinate concept of class and political state, and the state is mostly limited to political state. The mono-national state is the type of nation-state in the classical liberalism and its early capitalism, and the essence of the supranational state is capital imperialism. The criticism of classical liberalism, state science, historicism, conservatism and "civilized country" shows that Marx and Engels do not agree with the political construction of a single nation state or a supranational state, and criticize Smith and Liszt. That is to say, it contains the critique of the national view of the single nation, the critique of the Empire, that is, the critique of the supranational state. According to Marx and Engels' socialized thought, nationality is only a special type of society, so it is not suitable to materialize and should not be opposed to the state. Unlike many national economists who deliberately confuse the national (nation) with the national (ethnic), Marx advocated a clear distinction between the two. In Marx's own political theory, It already contains the idea of the unity of ethnic group construction and ethnic cultural diversity. Engels' distinction between national (nation) and national (nationality) opens the distinction between "political nation" (political nation) and "cultural nation" (cultural nation) in modern political theory. In understanding Marx and Engels' national theory and its state theory, it is necessary to combine class analysis with the historical construction of human subjectivity. And all kinds of populist national views need to be criticized. Marx and Engels transcend capitalism, oppose populism, anarchism and radicalism, which contains the affirmation of the form of multi-ethnic state, and is also the basic resource for the construction of modern China's multi-ethnic state.
【作者单位】：复旦大学哲学学院;

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