国家主导下的民族主义动员:国内制度与大众参与

发布时间：2018-12-15 09:48

【摘要】：民族主义运动往往在获得大众支持后,才开始对一国政治或外交政策产生重大影响。然而,针对民族主义运动的研究却经常将研究重点放在政治精英身上,而非大众参与者。回答的问题多是:精英为何发动民族主义运动?一个较少被触及的问题是:在什么情况下,大众会选择参与国家领导下的民族主义运动?对此,作者提出一个基于大众的、理性主义的解释,认为国家领导下的民族主义运动旨在鼓励公民做出自我牺牲,从而增加国家控制下的人力、物力资源。面对政治精英的号召,个人依据自身的物质利益做出选择。当个人认为自己是国内制度的受益者时,其响应国家号召、忍受短期经济困难的意愿加强。在宏观层面上,当国内制度是有利于大多数人的"包容性制度"时,国家领导的民族主义动员更容易取得成功。相反,当国内制度是有利于少数人的"排他性制度"时,国家领导的民族主义动员将面临更大阻力。作者通过对比第一次世界大战期间英国与德国两国政府开展的民族主义动员,对这一理论设想进行论证。
[Abstract]:Nationalist movements often gain popular support before they begin to have a major influence on a country's political or foreign policy. However, research on nationalist movements has often focused on the political elite, rather than on popular participants. Most of the questions are: why did the elite launch a nationalist movement? A less touched question is: under what circumstances will the public choose to participate in nationalistic movements led by the state? In response to this, the author puts forward a popular, rationalistic explanation that the nationalistic movement under the leadership of the state aims at encouraging citizens to make self-sacrifice, thus increasing the human and material resources under the control of the state. In the face of the call of the political elite, individuals make choices based on their own material interests. When individuals see themselves as beneficiaries of the domestic system, their willingness to endure short-term economic difficulties is strengthened in response to national calls. At the macro level, national-led nationalist mobilization is more likely to succeed when domestic institutions are "inclusive" in favour of the majority. On the contrary, national-led nationalist mobilization will face greater resistance when domestic institutions are "exclusionary" in favour of minorities. By comparing the nationalist mobilization between the British and German governments during the first World War, the author demonstrates this theoretical assumption.
【作者单位】：外交学院国际关系研究所;
【分类号】：D032

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