基督教哲学中恶的问题

发布时间：2018-01-02 23:12

  本文关键词：基督教哲学中恶的问题　出处：《北京第二外国语学院》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 恶 神正论 斯温伯恩 希克 自由意志 造灵说

【摘要】： 为什么世界上会有如此多的苦难?我们或许还忘不了太平洋海啸的惨景，非洲难民的无助眼神，非典时期的恐慌；也忘不了世贸大厦的轰塌，纳粹令人发指的酷刑；更无法逃避现实生活中为工作奔走的艰辛，不得不被沦为房奴的无奈……现实中不可逃避的苦难已经成为古往今来学者专家们不断讨论的话题，东有荀况，西有集大成者的奥古斯丁。但西方对恶的讨论与东方略有不同，是处于宗教的范畴内，于是恶的问题便成为：为什么全知、全能、全善的上帝会允许恶的存在呢? 英国宗教哲学家约翰·希克认为，，西方对恶的问题的讨论大体有两种不同的传统：奥古斯丁传统和爱任纽传统。奥古斯丁的思想对后世影响十分深远，他最有影响的观点是将恶的存在归因于人的自由意志。上帝赐予人类宝贵的自由意志以使人类能够进行自由的选择，而自由选择意味着人类可能会选择作恶，从而导致恶的产生。奥古斯丁还开辟了自然神学的先河，即试图用理性为上帝辩护。爱任纽则从另一角度为上帝为何允许恶的存在而进行解释，他认为上帝造人的工作还未结束，世间的苦难是上帝为创造出他心目中的理想人格而设置的，是不可或缺的。 理查德·斯温伯恩和约翰·希克是当代两位杰出的宗教哲学家。他们都接纳了现代科学知识，并在此基础上提出了比较系统、完善的神正论。然而他们的神正论却分别继承了上述两种不同的传统。理查德·斯温伯恩继承了奥古斯丁传统，并对其中的不符合当代科学的地方进行了修正和完善。他认为上帝赋予人类的是真正的自由，这种自由必然包含有人类选择作恶的可能性。人类通过自己的选择从而选择了自己的人生：选择最终得以入天堂还是下地狱。 约翰·希克则是一位大慈悲家，他在一定程度上受到东方佛教的影响，摒弃了基督教中的地狱说，从而发展了爱任纽的思想传统，提出了见解独特的造灵说。他认为上帝造人的目的是创造“上帝之子”(Children of God)，人生的过程是上帝造灵的过程，并且这一过程还没有结束。为了实现目标，最终创造出上帝之子，上帝为人类设置了充满邪恶的艰险之途，人类通过克服邪恶，最终成为喜悦上帝的子民。 斯温伯恩和希克从完全不同的两种传统出发，构建了他们的神正论，但他们的神正论内部却有很多相同的元素。他们都对恶的存在持有一种乐观积极的态度，认为恶的存在是为了更大的善---自由，并且恶可以帮助人类成长，形成理想的人格。他们都摒弃了传统的宿命论，在不同程度上肯定了人类对自己命运的主动性。 斯温伯恩和希克神正论的不同之处在于他们的宗教认识论。斯温伯恩秉承奥古斯丁自然神学的传统，坚持用理性认知上帝。而希克在这一点上比较模糊，他认为上帝至高无上，不能为人类有限的智慧所完全认知。其次，他们对人类末世的看法也有所不同。斯温伯恩认为人类最终是自己选择入天堂或下地狱，而希克则认为所有人类最终都能进入天堂，只有这样才能与上帝之爱相符合。
[Abstract]:Why there is so much suffering? We may forget the Pacific Tsunami miserable scene, helpless eyes of African refugees, the SARS panic; never forget the WTC collapse, Nazi heinous torture; more cannot escape from real life to work hard running, had to be reduced to slaves of the helpless. The inescapable suffering has become scholars from ancient to modern times experts continue to discuss the topic, east of Xunzi, West synthesizer Augustin. But the western and Eastern slightly different discussion on evil, is a religious category, so the problem of evil becomes: why omniscience, omnipotence, good God will allow the existence of evil?
The British philosopher of religion, John Hick believes that the discussion of the problem of evil in the West there are two different traditions: the tradition of Augustin and Irenaeus tradition. The influence of Augustin's Thought on future generations is very profound, his most influential view is attributed to the existence of evil people's free will. God gives human free will in order to make the human to freedom of choice and freedom of choice means that human beings may choose the evil, evil was caused. Augustin also opened up a precedent of natural theology, which attempts to use rational defends God. Irenaeus from another angle for why does God allow the existence of evil and interpretation, he believes God made man's work is not over, suffering is God and set to create the ideal personality in his mind, is indispensable.
Richard Swinburn and John Hick are two outstanding contemporary philosopher of religion. They all accepted the modern scientific knowledge, and put forward the systematic, perfect theodicy. However they are theodicy inherited these two different traditions. Chad Swinburn inherited the tradition of Augustin, and of which do not meet the contemporary the place of science was amended and improved. He believes that God has given man's true freedom, this freedom must include the possibility of human evil. The human choice by selecting their own life: to choose the final choice to enter heaven or hell.
John Hick is one of the great compassion, he was influenced by the Oriental Buddhism to a certain extent, abandoned the Christian hell, thus the development of Irenaeus thought tradition, put forward the unique view of soul making. He believes that God is to create the "son of God" (Children of God), the process of life is the spirit of God made the process, and this process is not over. In order to achieve the goal, and ultimately create a son of God, God set a dangerous journey full of evil for mankind, mankind through overcoming evil, eventually become the joy of God's people.
Swinburne and Hiker from the two traditional completely different view, construct their theodicy, but they have a lot of theodicy within the same elements. They are the existence of evil hold a positive attitude, that the existence of evil is for the greater good and evil, freedom, can help mankind the growth, formation of the ideal personality. They have abandoned the traditional fatalism in different extent affirmed the initiative of human destiny.
The difference between Swinburne and Hiker Theodicy in their religious epistemology. Swinburne inherited Augustin's natural theology tradition, adhere to the rational cognition of God. Hiker at this point is vague, he believed that God is not supreme, limited human wisdom completely cognition. Secondly, they also eschatological view of human different. Swinburne thinks that human beings ultimately choose to heaven or hell, Hiker argues that all human beings can eventually enter heaven, and the only way to God's love match.

【学位授予单位】：北京第二外国语学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：B978


本文编号：1371335