精神分析与佛学自我观的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-06 20:10

本文选题：精神分析　切入点：佛学　出处：《安徽大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：佛学发源于古老的印度社会,而精神分析则在现代性的背景下产生,两者共通之处首先在于认识自己的心灵并将这种认识付诸实践。现代性造成的传统价值崩溃,使个人不断地感到某种缺失,也引发了现代社会各种各样的精神问题。以1957年在墨西哥的座谈会为标志,国际心理学界开始愈发重视对禅宗和佛学的研究讨论,弗洛姆、霍尼等新精神分析学派试图在佛学中寻找对解决现代人心灵问题具有启发意义的观念和实践方法,两种传统在此处开始交汇。本文选取了佛学传统中三个较有代表性学派与精神分析学中对深层心识有独到见解的三个学派,比较其自我观的框架与核心概念,进行初步的交流和沟通。以弗洛伊德为代表的精神分析学派首先提出潜意识的概念,认为能意识到的那部分自我是不完整的。经典精神分析的自我观可以从人格地形结构中得到说明,本我要求本能冲动的满足,超我代表着社会的道德律令,而自我就努力在其中起调解作用。与社会习俗观念不相符的潜意识内容往往被压抑,精神分析的目标就在于解除抑制作用,释放潜意识的能量。禅学的真实自我是“自性”,自性是宇宙本体,万物之源,修行的目标就在于明心见性。顿悟和抑制解除的类似之处在于,抑制的解除释放潜意识中固着的能量,将潜意识纳入意识的范围,而顿悟打破原先的自我界限,两者都是无明转明的过程。荣格开创的分析心理学的自我框架将人格分为意识、个人潜意识、集体潜意识三个部分。他首先提出集体潜意识的概念。集体潜意识不是由被压抑和遗忘的个人经验构成,而是具有遗传性的,超越个体的心理基础。集体潜意识的内容主要是对应于人生各种典型情境的原型。分析心理学的目标是“个体化”,让人格围绕“自性”这个新的中心重新建立。唯识学认为万法唯识,一切心理物理现象的根源都在阿赖耶识之中,是八识自体变现的结果。阿赖耶识与集体潜意识的概念有很多相近之处,种子和原型同在说明有一种超越个性的心理基础,普遍存在于所有人身上,引发相似的行为方式。以拉康为中心的后结构主义精神分析,提出“镜像理论”,认为自我是建立在一种虚假的统一性之上。拉康用三界理论来说明主体的结构,想象界,象征界和实在界。精神分析的目标不仅是消除症状更在于发掘并承担主体的真相。而中观学则指出,原始佛教所说的无我是真我非有假我非无的辩证统一,缘起故无我,缘起故性空而假有,因此真我、假我都是假名而已。拉康的镜像理论可以与中观学的假我相比较。色受想行识五蕴和合而成的我,并没有真实恒定的体性。而主体在镜像中试图抓住的那个破碎、无力的自我,在象征界中经过父法的认同而永远被划上斜线的自我,也是在他者的欲望中建构的,虚幻不实的主体。精神分析与佛学通过不断地相互学习交流,在当代实践中已经产生了一定程度的互补作用。佛学给精神分析提供了对于心灵的深刻洞察和更为宽广的视域,也给精神分析提供了一种价值观念。现代社会那种不断消费、占有和扩张的自我是空虚无力的,只有寻求本真的自我才能带来精神的解脱与自由。而精神分析则在有我的层面对佛学进行补充。在进行深层的禅修之前,首先需要处理好早期的心理创伤和建立一种健全合理的生活、和谐的人际关系,否则禅修反而会成为一种自我防御的方式。精神分析的科学态度和不断质疑的思考也将佛学的思想从古代社会建制所形成的权力结构中解放出来,更好地为今人服务。现代性语境下形成的自我是漂浮无根,自我膨胀而又虚弱无力的,它的典型症状包括伦理道德责任的缺失、精神的疏离感和焦虑感等等,而现代西方社会的消费文化又助长了这种趋向。对比精神分析与佛学自我观的过程中,我们看到将生命之树重新扎根的一种可能性,寻求本真的自我,而不是外在符号中虚假的自我,才能获得对生命的真实理解和更深层次的幸福。
[Abstract]:Buddhism originated in ancient India society, and the spirit of analysis in the context of modernity, the two common first lies in the understanding of our mind and this understanding must be put into practice. The traditional value caused by the collapse of modernity, which constantly feel something is missing, also caused the mental problems of modern society. In a variety of the 1957 forum in Mexico marked the international community began to pay more attention to the research of psychology and Zen Buddhism discussion, Fromm, Hone and other new psychoanalysis in Buddhism trying to find on the idea and practice method is of great significance to solve the modern human spirit problem, two kinds of tradition began in the intersection of the Buddhist tradition here. In three representative school and psychoanalysis school has three unique insights on the deep mind, the framework and core concept of self concept in Do preliminary communication and communication.
The psychoanalytic school represented by Freud, first proposed the idea of the unconscious, that can realize the part of self that is not complete. The classical psychoanalytic self concept can be explained from the personality structure of terrain, ID instincts meet the requirements, the superego represents social moral laws, and strive in the self the role of mediation. The contents of the unconscious is not consistent with the concept of social customs tend to be depressed, psychoanalysis goal is to relieve the inhibition effect, release the subconscious energy. Zen true self is "self", the self is the noumenon of the universe, the source of all things, the aim of the practice is that of nature. Insight and disinhibition of similar lies in the inhibition of release in the subconscious. The energy release, the subconscious awareness and insight into the scope, breaking the limits of the self, both are not to Ming Ming The process.
A psychological analysis of Carl Jung pioneered the framework will be divided into self personality consciousness, personal unconscious, the three part of the collective unconscious. He first proposed the concept of collective unconscious. The collective unconscious is not composed of repressed and forgotten personal experience, but have inherited, beyond the psychological basis of individuals. The contents of the collective unconscious is corresponding to the all kinds of typical situations of the prototype. The goal of analytical psychology is "individual", make the personality re established around "the new center". Vijnaptimatrata believed that million law consciousness, the psychological root of all physical phenomena in Alayavijnana, eight is realized. The self concept and collective unconscious of the eighth consciousness there are many similarities, seeds and with a prototype that beyond individuality psychological basis, common to all people, lead to similar behavior.
Analysis on Lacan as the center of the post structuralism spirit, put forward "mirror theory" that the self is based on a false unity. Lacan used three theory to explain the structure of the subject, the imaginary, the symbolic and the real world. The analytic target is not only to eliminate the symptoms and more is to explore the subject the truth. And the Madhyamika pointed out that Buddhism said no I really I have my non non false is the dialectical unity of origin, so there is no me, so empty and false origin, so I really, I was just. False pseudonyms can Lacan's mirror theory compared with the middle school I want to leave. The color and general aggregates together and I, no body of real constant. But the subject tries to seize the broken mirror, unable to self, in the symbolic method after father's identity and will be designated on the diagonal is in his self, the desire The illusory and unrealistic subject is constructed in the middle.
Psychoanalysis and Buddhism by constantly learn from each other, have a complementary role to a certain extent in contemporary practice. The spirit of Buddhism to analysis provides for a deep insight into the mind and broader vision, but also to the spirit of analysis provides a concept of value of modern society. The continuous expansion of self possession and consumption. Is empty and weak, only to seek the true self to bring relief and free spirit. And the spirit of analysis in my face Buddhism supplement. Before deep meditation, first need to deal with the psychological trauma and early establishment of a sound and rational life, harmonious interpersonal relationships, or meditation instead will become a self defense. The spirit of scientific attitude and questioning thinking will power structure formed from the ancient Buddhist thought in social construction Emancipate and serve the present better.
The formation of modernity in the context of the self is floating rootless, self expansion and weakness, its typical symptoms include lack of moral responsibility, the spirit of alienation, anxiety and so on, and the modern western society, the consumption culture has contributed to this trend. Comparison of psychoanalysis and Buddhism on the concept of self, we see the possibility of a tree of life to take root, to seek the true self, rather than external symbols in a false self, to get to the truth of life and understand the deeper level of happiness.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B948

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