龟占蓍卜解谜——论龟蓍作为卜筮具及其在古代卜筮中的作用和地位

发布时间：2018-05-15 19:40

本文选题：骨卜 + 鸡卜　；参考：《文史哲》2014年02期

【摘要】：在殷商的占卜中,出现了龟甲取代水牛肩胛骨的情况,这是因为古代先民相信龟为现实中神灵的动物,对于占卜最具有灵验之效,而且对于卜辞的记录与保存是非常有益的,由此龟甲遂成为最神圣和最灵验的卜筮具,从而形成了"古者筮必称龟者,以其令名,所从来久矣"的卜筮传统。蓍草的诸多特点可能比较适合古代先民的宗教观、筮卜观、审美观和运用上的要求。蓍草被视为神草,古人认为它长寿而又神灵,因此蓍草成为理想的卜筮具。古代先民对于作为卜筮具的龟、蓍具有一种特殊的崇拜、喜好与迷信,这与龟蓍本身所具有的特殊品性以及在众多的卜筮具中的胜出是密切地联系在一起的。司马迁作《史记·龟策列传》,以卜筮为"圣人重事者",突出了占卜在古代政治生活中的作用、地位和意义,但又强调对于卜筮不可迷信,并发挥了《尚书·洪范》"五谋而卜筮居其二,五占从其多,明有而不专之道也"的观点,对于今天理解卜筮仍具有启示意义。
[Abstract]:In the divination of the Shang Dynasty, the tortoise shell replaced the scapula of the buffalo, because the ancient ancestors believed that the tortoise was the animal of the gods in reality, which had the most effectual effect on divination, and was very beneficial to the recording and preservation of the inscriptions. Thus the tortoise shell became the most sacred and the most effective divination, thus forming "the ancient divination must be called the tortoise, with its name, has never been for a long time" divination tradition. Many features of Yarrow may be more suitable for the religious, divination, aesthetic and application requirements of the ancient people. Yarrow is regarded as divine grass, and the ancients considered it to be long and divine, so Yarrow became the ideal divination. Ancient ancestors had a special worship, preference and superstition for tortoises as divination tools, which was closely related to the unique character of the turtle itself and its victory in many divination tools. Si Maqian wrote the Story of the Tortoise in the Historical Records, taking divination as the "sage and hearer", which highlighted the role, status and significance of divination in ancient political life, but also emphasized that divination cannot be superstitious. And played the "Shangshu Hong Fan" five strategies and divination second, five from its more, there is no special way, "the point of view, for today's understanding of divination still has enlightenment significance.
【作者单位】：深圳大学哲学系;深圳大学国学研究所;深圳大学宗教文化研究所;
【分类号】：B992.2

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