宋代的尚巫与禁巫研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 19:02

本文选题：巫术 + 淫祠　；参考：《安徽大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 巫术产生的主要原因之一是由于人类古代社会科技水平的不发达,巫术产生的本意是为了满足人类避祸趋利的心理安全需要,直至在今天社会生活的各个领域,依然能够看到巫术的影子。巫术逐渐融入人类文化,作为一种意识形态,对于人类的社会行动也产生了一定的影响。宋代社会由于各方面的原因,巫术盛行,渗透到社会生活的各个领域。封建等级社会之中,巫术对于统治阶级与民间具有不同的意义与作用,突出的表现就是宋代尚巫风气与禁巫政策的矛盾性。宋代整个社会普遍崇尚巫术,巫术既盛行于上层社会又盛行于民间,二者形式也不完全相同。宋代上层社会尚巫主要表现在岁时节气巫术的重视、政治利益需要和官员对于巫术的崇拜这三个方面。上层社会岁时节气巫术是传统巫术的一种延续,表达上层社会对于生活顺利的一种美好期望；统治阶级利用巫术本身的神秘色彩,用来巩固自己的统治地位,是一种政治利益的需要；宋代官员作为上层社会尚巫风气的拥蹙,巫术对于他们具有表达美好期望与炫耀身份等级的双重需要。民间尚巫风气主要表现在对于节气时令、婚嫁等巫术的重视。宋代民间巫术表达的是巫术避祸趋利与美好期望意思表示的传统意义。宋代社会普遍崇尚巫术的态度对于社会生活的各个领域产生了深远的影响。巫术不仅仅盛行于上层社会,更广泛深入民间,产生了大量巫师,巫术自上而下的发展模式使得其更是与宗教等相结合,影响着社会意识形态。宋代上层社会尚巫的原因主要表现在以下几个方面：首先,宋代尚巫的风气与统治阶级的鼓吹利用分不开,巫术能满足统治阶级巩固统治权利的需要；其次,宋代尚巫的风气与道教思想的盛行密切相关；最后,宋代尚巫风气与士人阶层的践行分不开,他们作为当时的社会精英,深刻地影响着民间社会。宋代民间尚巫的原因主要表现在以下两个方面：首先,在落后的科技水平条件下,人们对于生老病死等自然现象无法控制充满恐惧；其次,长期战乱的社会条件下,人们生活困苦,巫术成为民间需求安全的精神寄托；最后,战争促进民族与区域的文化融合,巫术也在文化交流的过程中繁荣。巫术的盛行加重了人民生活的苦难,也在某种程度上威胁到统治阶级的利益,使得他们在利用巫术的同时,也采取了一些禁巫的措施。统治阶级在改善民间医疗环境抑制巫术的同时,也在民间推广儒家文化,改善民风。统治阶级提出“淫祀无福”的观念,采取了一系列打击淫祀的具体措施。但是,宋代社会特别是统治阶级对于巫术的暧昧态度,使得宋代的禁巫成效甚微。宋代巫术的盛行对社会的发展产生很多的负面影响,使得统治阶级不得不采取措施禁止巫术。首先,很多宋代武装起义利用巫术,为自己的武装行动寻找合理理由与民众支持,直接威胁到统治阶级的利益；其次,巫术在加剧上层社会与民间社会的意识冲突的同时,也加剧民间不同利益群体的冲突,社会冲突的加剧也威胁到宋代的既定社会秩序。
[Abstract]:One of the main reasons for the creation of witchcraft is the underdevelopment of the scientific and technological level of the ancient society. The intention of the witchcraft is to meet the psychological security needs of human beings to avoid misfortune and benefit, until the shadow of witchcraft is still seen in every field of today's social life. Witchcraft is gradually integrated into human culture as an ideology. The social action of human beings also had a certain influence. The Song Dynasty society, due to various reasons, was prevalent in all fields of social life. In the feudal class society, witchcraft has different meanings and functions to the ruling class and the folk, and the outstanding performance is the contradiction between the spirit of the song Dynasty and the policy of banning the witch.
The whole society of the Song Dynasty generally advocated witchcraft. Witchcraft prevailed in the upper society and popular in the folk. The form of the two was not exactly the same. The upper society of the Song Dynasty was mainly manifested in the three aspects of the age of age and witchcraft, the need of political interests and the worship of the officials on witchcraft. It expresses a good expectation for the smooth life of the upper class society; the ruling class uses the mystic color of the witchcraft itself to consolidate his own ruling position. It is a need for political interests; the officials of the Song Dynasty, as the upper society, have a wrath of the witchcraft, and the witchcraft expresses good expectations and display of identity. The folk custom of witchcraft is mainly manifested in the importance of witchcraft, such as the season of throttle, marriage and so on. The folk witchcraft of the Song Dynasty is the traditional meaning of the expression of witchcraft, avoidance of disaster and good expectation.
The general advocation of witchcraft in the Song Dynasty has a profound influence on all fields of social life. Witchcraft is not only prevalent in the upper class, but also in a wider range of folk, producing a large number of sorcerers. The development pattern of witchcraft from top to bottom makes it more integrated with religion and influence social ideology.
The reasons of the upper class social sorcery in the Song Dynasty are mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the wind and the ruling class are inseparable in the Song Dynasty, and the witchcraft can meet the needs of the ruling class to consolidate the ruling rights; secondly, the customs of the sorcery in the Song Dynasty are closely related to the prevalence of the Taoist thought; finally, the Song Dynasty is still the witch style and the scholar rank. As the social elite at that time, they had a profound influence on the civil society. The reasons for the folk sorcery in the Song Dynasty were mainly manifested in the following two aspects: first, under the backward scientific and technological level, people could not control the natural phenomena such as life and death and so on. Secondly, under the social conditions of the long-term war, people were under the social conditions. Life is difficult, witchcraft has become the spiritual support of the security of folk demand; finally, the war promotes the cultural integration of the nation and the region, and the witchcraft flourished in the process of cultural communication.
The prevalence of witchcraft aggravated the sufferings of the people's life and, to some extent, threatened the interests of the ruling class, and made them take some measures to prohibit witchcraft while using witchcraft. The ruling class, while improving the folk medical environment to suppress witchcraft, also promoted the culture of Confucianism in the folk. The ruling class proposed "prostitution". The idea of "sacrificing no blessing" has taken a series of concrete measures to fight the prostitution. However, the Song Dynasty's society, especially the ruling class's ambiguous attitude to the witchcraft, made little effect in the Song Dynasty.
The popularity of the witchcraft in the Song Dynasty had a lot of negative effects on the development of the society, which made the ruling class have to take measures to prohibit witchcraft. First, many armed uprisings in the Song Dynasty used witchcraft to find reasonable reasons and public support for their armed actions, and directly threatened the interests of the ruling rank. Secondly, witchcraft was aggravating the upper class society. The conflict of consciousness in civil society also aggravates the conflicts among different interest groups. The intensification of social conflicts also threatens the established social order in Song Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：B992

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