佛教僧尼随侍研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 18:53

本文选题：僧尼随侍 + 戒律　；参考：《西北民族大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：关于随侍,最早可追溯到阿难陀出家后作为佛陀的常随侍者跟随其左右长达二十五年之久一事,可以理解为佛教史上最早出现的随侍。而僧尼随侍真正成为佛教世俗化的具体表现应从佛教传入中国之后说起,因受到中国社会环境、思想文化、经济结构等方面的浸染,僧尼随侍成为佛教中国化的产物。因此,随侍作为僧尼生活中一类独特的人群,探讨其性质、身份、地位以及与僧尼之间存在的内在社会关系尤为重要。纵观中国佛教的发展历史,僧尼随侍现象包括以下几个问题值得深入探讨。第一,基本理清佛教传统戒律典籍中对于僧尼日常生活的相关规定,并根据典籍记载分析得出可将僧尼随侍身份性质进行划分,包括寺院僧职性质的侍从、寺院奴婢性质的侍从以及俗家养女、奴婢性质的侍从等几类。同时又以历史古籍和敦煌文献中所记载的僧尼世俗生活资料为佐证,进一步阐述佛教世俗化程度以及僧尼随侍存在的必然性;第二,阐明僧尼随侍出现的原因,一方面是因佛教为了寻求自身发展、努力适应中国社会而妥协的产物;另一方面是封建阶级以期借助宗教力量来巩固统治,从而在佛教特权措施下而形成的寺院经济衍生品。文章根据僧尼随侍在历朝历代的发展情况作了简单的梳理,魏晋南北朝至隋初,寺院已由最初的奴隶雏形"佛图户"发展成净人数千之象。唐五代宋初,寺院奴婢数量庞大,随侍群体空前发展。明朝以后,僧尼特权已有衰微之势,随侍一类在记载中已并不多见,但并不意味着这一群体的消亡,或转以另一种生存形式而存在;第三,关于僧尼随侍出现的活动场合在佛教典籍及古籍文献中虽鲜少记载,但不难发现,随着朝代更替,出家随侍允许参与僧尼日常修习活动,甚至俗家随侍亦被允许参加斋会或法事活动,说明僧尼随侍身份的阶级性质已然被僧俗两界认可,可见传统戒律规定日渐松弛;第四,我们从石窟壁画的供养人图像、剃度图及存世绢画入手,亦可见多处僧尼随侍存在的场景,进一步证实随侍已然成为佛教僧尼生活的重要组成部分。研究僧尼随侍问题时对于佛教戒律相关内容进行梳理、探讨,看到了历史时期寺院僧尼日常生活现象,而随侍一类人的存在将僧尼生活更加具象化,确可加深对于佛教中国化、世俗化的理解。
[Abstract]:As far as the date of service is concerned, it can be understood as the earliest attendance in the history of Buddhism, dating back to Ananda, who followed him as a Buddhist waiter for 25 years. The concrete manifestation of the secularization of Buddhism is that monks and nuns really become secularization of Buddhism. Due to the influence of Chinese social environment, ideology and culture, economic structure and so on, monks and nuns have become the products of Buddhism Sinicization. Therefore, as a unique group in the life of monks and nuns, it is particularly important to discuss its nature, identity, status and the inherent social relations with monks and nuns. Throughout the history of Buddhism in China, the phenomenon of monks and nuns is worthy of further discussion. First, the basic clear Buddhist traditional precepts about the daily life of monks and nuns, and according to the analysis of records, we can divide the nature of monks and nuns with the status, including the nature of monastic waiters. Monastery slave maidservant nature of the attendant, as well as vulgar domestic foster daughter, maidservant nature of the attendant, and so on. At the same time, with the historical ancient books and Dunhuang documents recorded in the secular life of monks and nuns as evidence, further elaborated the degree of secularization of Buddhism and the inevitability of the existence of monks and nuns. On the one hand, it is the result of compromise for seeking its own development and striving to adapt to the Chinese society; on the other hand, the feudal class hopes to consolidate the rule with the help of religious forces, thus forming the economic derivatives of monasteries under the measures of Buddhist privilege. According to the development of monks and nuns in successive dynasties, from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties to the beginning of Sui Dynasty, the temple has developed from the original slave prototype of "Buddha's family" to a net figure of thousands of people. In the Tang and the early Song dynasties, the number of slaves and maidservants in the monastery was huge and unprecedented development followed by the group of sommeliers. After the Ming Dynasty, monks and nuns' privileges had declined, and the group of monks and nuns was not commonly recorded, but it did not mean that the group died out or changed to another form of existence; third, Although rarely recorded in the Buddhist classics and ancient books, the occasion of the monks and nuns' accompanying activities is not difficult to find, but it is not difficult to find that with the change of the dynasties, the monks are allowed to participate in the daily practice activities of monks and nuns. Even the chaperones are allowed to take part in fasting or legalistic activities, which shows that the class nature of monks and nuns as followers has already been recognized by the two sects. It can be seen that the traditional precepts are loosening day by day. Fourthly, from the images of the providers of the grottoes murals, Starting with the shaving picture and the silk painting of the world, we can see many scenes of monks and nuns following the sermon, which further proves that the sermon has become an important part of the life of Buddhist monks and nuns. When we study the issue of monks and nuns following the service, we sort out the relevant contents of Buddhist precepts, and explore the daily life phenomena of monasteries and nuns in the historical period. However, the existence of people like monks and nuns can make the life of monks and nuns more concrete, which can really deepen the localization of Buddhism in China. A secular understanding
【学位授予单位】：西北民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B948

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