河北平乡太平道文化重构研究

发布时间：2018-07-18 15:29

【摘要】：太平道的产生标志着道教的正式形成。东汉末年,内忧外患的社会政治环境给太平道提供了发生的时代背景。与此同时,汉末高度发展的思想文化,即老子之道与《太平经》给太平道提供了发展的思想渊源。在经历了一系列演进之后,太平道因黄巾大起义的发生而走向式微,但在中国道教发展史上,原始道教之一的太平道上承黄老之道,下启符篆派道教,意义深远。河北平乡太平道历史文化深厚丰富。公元前221年,秦统一天下为三十六郡,现在的平乡属于当时的重郡钜鹿郡治所在地。因此,现代的河北平乡县是东汉太平道发生发展的区域之一,而且是太平道领袖张角的故乡。由于这种历史上的关联性,近年来,河北平乡地区开全国之先河开始对太平道文化在该地区进行尝试性的重构,目前尚处于起始阶段。河北平乡对太平道文化进行重构,遵循着这样的一种思路,即从太平道文化重构的主体及其场所、宗教仪式、黄巾民俗这三个主要方面展开,逐渐走出了一条具有地方特色和现代价值的宗教文化重构之路。这种重构使得历史上的古宗教文化在现代焕发出了“新的生命”,它不仅给道教现代化发展以启示,更对平乡县的经济、政治和文化发展产生了极具价值的影响。学界一直以来在地域分布、宗教学、历史学、哲学、艺术甚至校勘、辨伪、训诂、音韵、语法、词汇、文献比较研究等各个视角都研究过太平道以及其经典《太平经》,这是研究早期道教的一个关键。本文拟从文化重构的视角调研河北平乡地区现代的太平道文化,研究当地太平道文化在现代社会的重构过程,这对于太平道文化的研究是一个突破。本论文分为六个部分。第一,绪论。论述了论文的研究缘起与意义、研究现状、创新之处以及田野点概况。对河北平乡太平道文化重构进行研究缘起于2013年中央民族大学哲学与宗教学学院在平乡地区建立了太平道文化教学研究基地。笔者为了寻求太平道研究的进一步突破,确定了以文化重构的视角来看待现代平乡地区的太平道文化发展,在广泛阅读有关太平道的历史文献之后,运用田野调研的方式对太平道文化的重构进行整理描述,力求分析解释出这一重构背后的宗教学意义,以期探索这种道教文化的新型发展路径对于道教现代化发展和区域政治经济文化以及人民生活的重要意义。研究的基础是在学术界已有的关于太平道和文化重构两方面的研究成果。第二,太平道探源。运用整理文献的方法对太平道从产生、演进与式微等历史源流进行探讨。其中太平道的产生包括太平道产生的时代背景与思想背景,演进与式微包括太平道“中黄太一”的宗教思想、“符水跪拜”的宗教仪式、黄巾大起义以及黄巾大起义之后的太平道四个方面。试图对下文的内容做出一个源头性的探讨。第三,河北平乡太平道文化重构的主体及场所考察。分别从主体与场所两个要素考察太平道文化是如何重构的。首先,平乡太平道文化重构中起决定性作用的是它的宗教主体,也就是各种人员的参与,各种人员的共同参与促成了“重构”的开始与发展。这些主体之中包括当地道教信众、政商力量、当地群众积极参与以及学术界的推动。其次,太平道文化重构的主要场所是东岳天齐庙,这种重构是建立在天齐庙的历史传说与发展现状基础之上的。最后,分析主体与场所重构的现代启示。得出多方参与重构当代宗教文化、民间传说重构古今宗教文化、现代宫观重构多元宗教文化的结论。第四,河北平乡太平道文化重构的宗教仪式考释。历史上的太平道的宗教仪式是“符水跪拜”这种道教最早期最原始的道场形式,在如今平乡地区,被重构为古太平道科仪的是当地传统的“打黄醮道场”和“度亡道场”。现代道场中供奉的神位体现出早期东汉太平道的“中黄太一”信仰和“三官”信仰,现代道场中的仪式仍保留有“符水跪拜”最初形式和用“符”传统,并引进了极具地域特色的道教音乐——“太平道乐”。“重构”实现的途径就是一种不断被重复的形式化与仪式化的过程,而这种形式化与仪式化更多的是通过旧有习俗和材料来建构的。平乡地区太平道文化被“重构”的过程是通过一系列旧有的宗教仪式被不断重复的形式化与仪式化来实现的。这些仪式并不是现代重新构建的,而是旧有的宗教仪式被赋予了新的宗教意义。第五,河北平乡太平道文化重构的黄巾民俗考证。在平乡太平道文化重构的进程中,平乡的民风民俗为其提供了很好的可能性与保障。众所周知,民风民俗应该是在长期的历史发展中在一个区域自发形成的一种或几种风化和习俗,这是由当地老百姓在日常的生产劳作中自然而然形成的,也是由于他们喜闻乐见故而得到世代传承的。平乡的黄巾民俗包括有尚“黄”传统、抬黄杠和太平鼓。首先,平乡民俗活动的尚“黄”传统对太平道“中黄太一”信仰进行了形式化的传承。其次,“抬黄杠”和“太平鼓”扩大了太平道宗教文化在群众中的影响力。最后,黄巾民俗文化使得太平道宗教文化重构更加生动活泼。因此可以说,平乡县当地的黄巾民俗实际上给予了太平道文化能够成功重构提供了必然性。第六,结语。总结前文,分析了河北平乡太平道文化重构对于道教现代化的意义以及对平乡区域发展的影响。最后,结合田野调研后的感受,提出了平乡太平道文化现阶段基础性重构中的问题和建议,以期后来人做得更多更好。作为博士学位论文,本文最大的创新点就是以文化重构为视角研究现代河北平乡地区的太平道宗教文化现象。长久以来,学界对于太平道的相关研究匮乏,这在很大程度上是由于史料记载少这一情况决定的,因此,笔者以田野调查为基础来讨论太平道文化在现代的被重构问题,这是学界以前没有涉猎过的道教学术与现实相结合的问题。
[Abstract]:The emergence of the Taiping Road marks the formal formation of Taoism. In the last year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the social and political environment of internal anxiety and external suffering provided the time background for the Taiping Road. At the same time, the ideological and cultural development of the high development in the late Han Dynasty, that is, the Tao of Lao Zi and the Taiping Tao provided the thought origin of the Taiping Road. After a series of evolvement, the Taiping was Taiping. In the history of the development of Chinese Taoism, the Taiping Road of one of the original Taoist Taoism, one of the original Taoism in the history of the development of Chinese Taoism, was of profound significance. The Hebei Pingxiang Taiping Road was rich in history and culture. In 221 BC, Qin unified the world as the thirty-six County, and now Pingxiang belongs to the heavy County Julu County at that time. Therefore, the modern Hebei Pingxiang county is one of the regions of the Taiping Road in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is the hometown of the Taiping Road leader Zhang Jiao. Because of this historical relevance, in recent years, the Pingxiang area in Hebei began to reconstruct the Taiping Road culture in this area, and it is still in the beginning stage. The reconstruction of Taiping Road culture in Pingxiang, Hebei, follows such a way of thinking, that is, from the three main aspects of the subject and place of the reconstruction of the Taiping Road, the religious ceremony and the folklore of the yellow towel, and gradually come out of a way of reconstructing the religious culture with local characteristics and modern values. This reconfiguration makes Gu Zongjiao in history Culture has emanated "new life" in modern times. It not only gives enlightenment to the development of the modernization of Taoism, but also has a very valuable influence on the economic, political and cultural development of Pingxiang county. The academic circles have been in the study of regional distribution, religion, history, philosophy, art and even collation, discrimination, exegesis, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and literature comparison The study of Taiping Road and its classic "Taiping Jing" is a key to the study of early Taoism. This article is to investigate the modern Taiping culture in Pingxiang area of Hebei from the perspective of cultural reconstruction and study the reconstruction process of the local Taiping culture in modern society. This is a breakthrough in the study of Taiping Taoism culture. The article is divided into six parts. First, the introduction. It expounds the origin and significance of the research, the present situation, the innovation and the general situation of the field. The research on the cultural reconstruction of Pingxiang Taiping Road in Hebei originated from the establishment of the Taiping Road culture teaching and research base of the College of philosophy and religion of Minzu University of China in the area of the Taiping Road in the area of the 2013. The further breakthrough of Taiping Road research is sought, and the cultural development of Taiping Road in modern Pingxiang is viewed from the perspective of cultural reconstruction. After extensive reading of the historical literature about Taiping Road, the reconstruction of Taiping Road culture is described by field research, and the religion behind this reconstruction is analyzed and explained. The significance of the study is to explore the significance of the new development path of this Taoist culture to the development of the modernization of Taoism, the regional political, economic and cultural, and the people's life. The research is based on the achievements of the two aspects of the Taiping Road and cultural reconstruction in the academic circle. Second, the exploration of the Taiping Road. There are four aspects of the formation of the Taiping Road: the times background and the ideological background of the Taiping Road, the evolution and decline of the religious thought of "the Taiping Taiyi" in Taiping Road, the religious ceremony of "Fu Shui kneeling", the great righteousness of the yellow towel and the Taiping Road after the great uprising of the yellow towel. An attempt is made to make a source discussion on the contents of the following. Third, the subject and site investigation of the cultural reconstruction of Taiping Road in Pingxiang, Hebei. How to reconstruct the Taiping Road culture from the two elements of the main body and the place. First, the cultural reconfiguration of Pingxiang Taiping Road is its religious subject, that is, all kinds of people. Participation and the participation of all kinds of personnel contributed to the beginning and development of "Reconstruction", including the local Taoist believers, political and commercial forces, the active participation of local people and the promotion of the academic circles. Secondly, the main place for the reconstruction of Taiping Road is the Dongyue Tianqi temple, which is a historical legend and hair set up in Tianqi temple. On the basis of the presentation. Finally, the modern enlightenment of the reconstruction of the subject and place is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that many parties are involved in reconstructing the contemporary religious culture, the folklore reconstructs the ancient and modern religious culture, and the modern palace view reconstructs the multiple religious culture. Fourth, the religious ritual of the cultural reconstruction of the Taiping Road in Pingxiang, Hebei. It is the earliest and most primitive Taoist form of Taoism. In today's Pingxiang area, the ancient Taiping Taoism was rebuilt to the ancient Taiping Taoism. The traditional Taoist shrine in the modern Taoist field embodies the belief of "the middle yellow and the Taiyi" and the belief of "three officials" in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The ceremony in the Taoist field still retained the original form of "Fu Shui kneeling" and the use of the tradition of "Fu", and introduced the Taoist music of great regional characteristics, "Taiping Dao music". The way to realize the reconstruction is a process of formalization and ritualization which is constantly repeated, and this formalization and ritual are more through the old habits. Custom and material are constructed. The process of "Reconstruction" of the Taiping Road culture in Pingxiang is realized through a series of old religious rituals. These rituals are not modern rebuilt, but old religious rituals are given new religious meanings. Fifth, Taiping Taoism in Pingxiang, Hebei. In the process of cultural reconstruction of Pingxiang Taiping Road, the folk custom of Pingxiang provides a good possibility and guarantee in the process of cultural reconstruction of Taiping Road. It is well known that folk customs should be one or several weathering and customs formed spontaneously in a region during the long-term historical development, which is the daily life of the local people. Pingxiang's yellow towel folk custom includes the "yellow" tradition, the yellow bar and the peace drum. First, the traditional "Huang" tradition of the folk activities in Pingxiang has passed the formalized inheritance to the Taiping Taiyi Taoism. Secondly, "lift the yellow bar" and "lift the yellow bar". The "peace drum" expanded the influence of the Taiping Taoist religious culture in the masses. Finally, the yellow towel folk culture made the reconstruction of the Taiping Road religious culture more lively. Therefore, it can be said that the local yellow towel folk custom in Pingxiang County provided the inevitability of the successful reconstruction of Taiping Taoism culture. Sixth, conclusion. Analysis of the foreword. The cultural reconstruction of the Taiping Road in Pingxiang, Hebei, has the significance of the modernization of Taoism and the influence on the regional development of Pingxiang. Finally, combining the experience of the field investigation, this paper puts forward the problems and suggestions in the basic reconstruction of the Taiping Road culture at the present stage of Pingxiang, in order to make more and better people do it later. As a doctoral dissertation, the biggest innovation of this paper is the thesis. It is a study of the Taiping Taoist religious culture phenomenon in the modern Hebei Pingxiang area with cultural reconstruction. For a long time, the academic circles are lacking in the related research of the Taiping Road, which is largely due to the fact that the historical records are few. Therefore, the author is based on the field investigation to discuss the reconstruction of the Taiping Road culture in modern times. This is the problem of combining Taoism with reality in academic circles.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B958

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