怀特海的宗教观

发布时间：2018-08-09 18:29

【摘要】： 随着科学的发展,作为宗教知识背景的宇宙论发生了显著的变化,不少哲学家的宗教观也随之变化。作为历史生发出来的果实,怀特海的宗教观既依据基督教信仰的观念而运作,又得益于20世纪自然科学的最新发展。研究他的宗教思想对我们正确理解宗教的作用,深入把握宗教与科学的关系具有重要的启示作用。因此,本文试图从以下几个方面对怀特海的宗教观加以全面论述,以便揭示宗教对人类的积极意义,从而促进人类文明的健康发展。第一部分阐明怀特海宗教观的哲学基础。怀特海的宗教观以其过程哲学思想为逻辑起点。他改造了传统哲学中的实体这一前提,提出了事件第一性原理。并指出,过程是根本的,成为现实的就是成为一个过程。尽管过程由流变性与永恒性、多样性与统一性、具体事实与抽象形式等对立的方面综合而成的,但实在的动态方面要比静态方面更为根本。现实的就是过程的,这一过程哲学的精髓不仅本身具有深刻的宗教意义而且贯穿于怀特海的宗教思想当中。第二部分论述怀特海宗教观的核心:上帝观。怀特海重新开始了关于上帝的讨论。他拒绝占统治地位的传统思想对上帝的理解,特别反对那种认为一个全智全能的神控制了万物并独立于世界万物而存在的观念。通过对上帝基本性质的修正,怀特海将上帝对世界的单向主观创造活动解释成了上帝与万物之间的相互影响关系,从而使上帝的善意以诱导的形式出现,淡化了上帝的强制性主宰意识。第三部分阐述怀特海对宗教要素、实质与宗教信仰的构成的分析。怀特海具体考察了宗教的形成机制,分析了构成宗教的四个要素及其产生次序。他认为,从仪式、情感、信仰到理性化的发展是一个内趋于个体精神的过程。宗教主要不是一种社会事实而是个人的孤独性处境,宗教活动并非一定是善行。同时,怀特海认为,宗教信仰具有一种双重结构,它是教义与直觉的结合。教义冲突是教义开放性和不断发展的佐证,原初直觉是信仰之根。第四部分讨论怀特海对宗教与科学关系的把握。对于宗教与科学的冲突,怀特海采取了宽容的态度。他认为,宗教与科学是互补的,科学的实质是一种“抽象误置为具体的谬误”,而“宗教是人性寻求上帝的反应”,是个人针对自身的孤独性而进行的活动。作为我们内心世界的一种信仰力量,宗教具有决定生活价值的意义。第五部分总结怀特海宗教观的影响及意义。怀特海的宗教观不仅直接影响了后世的过程哲学和建设性后现代主义,而且有助于我们走出“冲突论”模式,理解宗教观念对科学产生的巨大影响,克服科学主义所造成的文化困境。
[Abstract]:With the development of science, cosmology, as the background of religious knowledge, has undergone remarkable changes, and so has the religious views of many philosophers. As the fruit of history, Whitehead's religious view is not only based on the concept of Christian belief, but also benefited from the latest development of natural science in the 20th century. The study of his religious thought has an important enlightening effect on us to correctly understand the role of religion and to grasp the relationship between religion and science. Therefore, this paper attempts to comprehensively discuss Whitehead's religious views from the following aspects in order to reveal the positive significance of religion to human beings and to promote the healthy development of human civilization. The first part expounds the philosophical basis of Whitehead's religious view. Whitehead's religious view takes his thought of process philosophy as the logical starting point. He reformed the premise of entity in traditional philosophy and put forward the first principle of events. And pointed out that the process is fundamental, become a reality is a process. Although the process is synthesized from the opposite aspects, such as rheology and permanence, diversity and unity, concrete facts and abstract forms, the dynamic aspect of reality is more fundamental than the static one. The essence of this process philosophy not only has profound religious significance, but also runs through Whitehead's religious thought. The second part discusses the core of Whitehead's religious view: the concept of God. Whitehead restarted the discussion about God. He rejected the ruling tradition of understanding God, especially the notion that a fully intelligent god controlled everything and existed independently of the world. By modifying the basic nature of God, Whitehead interprets God's one-way subjective creation of the world as the interaction between God and all things, so that God's good will appears in the form of inducement. It played down God's consciousness of compulsory domination. The third part expounds Whitehead's analysis of religious elements, essence and composition of religious belief. Whitehead examines the formation mechanism of religion, and analyzes the four elements of religion and its production order. He believes that the development from ceremony, emotion, belief to rationality is a process which tends to individual spirit. Religion is not a social fact but a lonely situation of individuals. Religious activities are not necessarily good deeds. At the same time, Whitehead believes that religious belief has a dual structure, which is a combination of doctrine and intuition. The conflict of doctrine is the proof of the openness and development of doctrine, and the original intuition is the root of faith. The fourth part discusses Whitehead's understanding of the relationship between religion and science. Whitehead is tolerant of the conflict between religion and science. In his opinion, religion and science complement each other, the essence of science is a kind of "abstract falsehood as concrete fallacy", while "religion is the response of human nature to seek God", which is the activity of individuals in response to their own loneliness. As a force of faith in our inner world, religion has the meaning of determining the value of life. The fifth part summarizes the influence and significance of Whitehead's religious view. Whitehead's religious views not only directly influenced the process philosophy and constructive postmodernism of later generations, but also helped us to get out of the mode of "conflict theory" and to understand the great influence of religious ideas on science. Overcome the cultural dilemma caused by scientism.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：B91

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