百丈丛林改革及其影响分析

发布时间：2018-09-02 08:16

【摘要】：唐朝是佛教发展的黄金时代,而禅宗的成就尤其令人瞩目,其中,百丈禅师以及他发动的丛林改革运动是个重要的里程碑事件。本文试图以这次丛林改革为线索,研究改革的时代背景以及各种触因,寻找专制皇权对宗教改革所产生的反向动力,以及丛林改革为摆脱专制皇权所做的积极回应。在论文的第一部分,笔者将分析帝国朝廷与佛教僧团之间的复杂关系。当帝国给予僧团大量经济支持的同时,它却在政治上严厉地遏制和驾驭佛教,竭力取消其宗教自治权利。其经济支持形式包括:朝廷的直接或间接赏赐以及王公贵族的半/准官方布施。它们构成了寺院经济收入的主要来源。与此同时,帝国的政治控制则体现为:制定严苛的法律;把持重要寺院职务的任免权;限制出家程序和僧尼规模。而寺院过度官方化的恶果,就是“富寺穷僧”的现象以及僧尼生活的过度世俗化。论文的第二部分,笔者则侧重于分析百丈改革的主要触因和先决条件。随着帝国在安史之乱以后调整其经济政策,官方寺院的经济状况开始不断恶化。与此同时,百丈禅师却利用禅宗悠久的农禅传统、帝国特殊的土地垦荒政策、禅宗教义的灵活演变以及禅宗僧人的高度流动性,迅速适应了环境的变化,开辟了新的丛林道场。在论文的第三部分,笔者则以《古清规序》和《敕修百丈清规》为蓝本,详细分析了百丈改革的主要内容和特征。这些丛林从建立之初就戒律严明,具有明确的组织管理和分工模式,同时,普请法的实施促使农禅并重的生活方式成为丛林改革的重大亮点。由于这些丛林地处偏远,同时,由于普请法保障了僧人的经济自足,因此丛林在实质上具备了足够的宗教自治权力。这促使丛林有效地排除了专制皇权的污染,让僧人们的生活重新回归到修行本位上来。与此同时,伴随着这种自治和修行宗旨,丛林的功能也发生了变化,它秉持着平等精神,在严格要求僧人言行的同时,也充分保障僧人的基本生活需求。在论文的第四部分,笔者则分析了丛林改革所产生的各种影响。首先,由于经济、地理等诸多因素,在建立丛林道场以后,政治动荡对寺院的冲击力大为降低,这促使禅宗在武宗灭佛以后仍然能够长盛不衰;其次,百丈清规促使寺院生活变得规范化和有序化,甚至因此受到后来的新儒家和新道教的推崇;第三,由于丛林坚持修行本位,这迅速革除了官方寺院的种种积弊,重新塑造了佛教寺院的精神面貌;最后,百丈禅师提倡的节俭勤苦的伦理也对后世产生了深远的影响。在论文的末尾部分,笔者试图在前文的基础上得出更普遍化的结论。丛林改革的成功,不仅表明了宗教团体在摆脱专制权力以后所具备的惊人潜力,也表明了经济独立对宗教自治的重要性,同时,任何卓越而成熟的宗教团体与世俗权力和世俗生活之间都必然存在着张力,只有承受并跨越这种张力——即实现了政教分离原则——的宗教团体才能真正对人类文明做出重要的贡献。与此同时,笔者也将佛教丛林的演变过程与欧洲基督教会的发展历程进行了粗略的对比研究。
[Abstract]:The Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Buddhism, and the achievements of Zen are particularly remarkable. Among them, Baizhang Zen Master and his jungle reform movement are important milestones. This paper attempts to take this jungle reform as a clue, to study the background of the reform and various triggers, and to find out the anti-religious effects of autocratic imperial power. In the first part of this paper, the author will analyze the complex relationship between the imperial court and the Buddhist monastery. While the empire gave the monastery a large amount of economic support, it politically severely curbed and controlled Buddhism and tried to abolish its right to religious autonomy. The forms of economic support included direct or indirect rewards from the court and semi-official or quasi-official donations from the nobles and princes, which constituted the main source of monastery income. The second part of the paper focuses on the analysis of the main causes and prerequisites for the reform of the Baizhang monastery. As the Empire adjusted its economic policy after the Anshi Rebellion, the economic situation of the official monastery began to deteriorate. In the third part of the paper, the author makes a detailed analysis based on the ancient Qing Rules and the ancient Qing Rules. The main contents and characteristics of the reform are as follows: the jungles were strictly disciplined from the beginning of their establishment, with a clear pattern of organization, management and division of labor. At the same time, the implementation of the universal application law has made the life style of both peasants and Zen become a major highlight of the reform of the jungles. So the jungle has enough power of religious autonomy in essence, which urges the jungle to effectively eliminate the pollution of autocratic imperial power and return the life of monks to the standard of practice. In the fourth part of the paper, the author analyzes the various impacts of the jungle reform. Firstly, due to economic, geographical and other factors, the impact of political turmoil on the monasteries has been greatly reduced after the establishment of the jungle pavilion, which prompted Zen to remain after the extermination of Buddhism by the Wu sect. However, it can survive forever; secondly, the rules of the Qing Dynasty promoted the standardization and orderliness of monastery life, which was even respected by Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Taoism; thirdly, because the jungle adhered to the standard of practice, this quickly removed all kinds of abuses of official monasteries, and reshaped the spiritual outlook of Buddhist monasteries; finally, the Buddhist monk advocated it. At the end of the paper, the author tries to draw a more general conclusion on the basis of the previous paper. The success of the jungle reform not only demonstrates the astonishing potential of religious groups after shaking off autocratic power, but also demonstrates the importance of economic independence to religious autonomy. At the same time, there must be a tension between any outstanding and mature religious group and secular power and secular life. Only by bearing and surmounting this tension, that is, realizing the principle of separation of religion from politics, can religious groups really make important contributions to human civilization. A comparative study of the development of the Christian Church in Europe is made.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B946.5

【相似文献】