福建长汀妈福信仰探析

发布时间：2018-10-31 14:39

【摘要】：妈祖,又称天妃、天后、天上圣母、娘妈,是中国历代船工、海员、渔民、旅客、商人甚至历朝中央政府所共同信奉的民间神祗。妈祖信仰起源于一千多年前宋代的福建莆田沿海地区。在历史的舞台上,妈祖最先是以“海神”的面貌出现的,后来在民间传说中,她又被逐渐赋予了解救海难、除寇平患、助人济困、护国保民等神格职能,其信仰迅速传播开来,很快由传说走向庙祀、由民间进入宫廷、由海岛深入内陆、由中国广播世界。南宋理宗绍定年间,著名法医学家宋慈出任长汀县令,鉴于汀州陆路交通不便,于是大力发展汀江航运,打通了汀江、韩江间的商业航道,大大加强了汀州与广东潮汕地区的经济、文化联系。但汀江河道曲折,水流湍急,全程共有险滩27处,“三百滩头风浪恶”,航运事故时有发生。汀州民众在了解到妈祖具有航运保护功能后,将之纳入到了汀州的民间信仰体系中。其后汀州妈祖的神职功能逐渐由单一的海神、航运神成长为无所不能的主神,成为汀州民间十分崇敬和信仰的“妈祖女哩”。长汀地处闽西南,与广东、江西两省交界,可以说是实实在在的内陆地区。妈祖信仰从沿海来到内陆,并由此扎根、发展,演变,最终成为这一地区普遍存在的民间信仰。一方水土造就一方神灵,某一区域内民间信仰的神灵都不可避免的会带有该地区的地域特色,这些特色集中表现在神灵的神职功能上,神灵在一定意义上是被信众所“选择”的,它是否“被需要”,它的神职功能是否“被改变”、“被发展”,这在很大程度上取决于当地的自然环境以及由此产生的人文环境的。同时,民间信仰的神灵在“成长”的过程中也对当地的社会文化产生了或是积极或是消极的影响。本文将从实地田野调查的基础上出发,结合历史文献资料,试图对长汀地区的妈祖信仰进行简单分析。本文的主要内容分为四个部分：第一章是对长汀地区妈祖信仰的概况介绍,是对这一地区妈祖信仰的自然、人文背景以及妈祖信仰在长汀存在的现状分析；第二章主要论述长汀妈祖信仰对沿海妈祖信仰的传承以及在当地发生的嬗变；第三章主要叙述长汀妈祖信仰的主要特征,分四个方面来具体阐释：首先是对长汀妈祖信仰区域性特点的描述；其次介绍长汀妈祖信仰神灵体系的多神杂糅；接着论述长汀妈祖信仰在当地与红色文化的相互包容；最后阐述了长汀妈祖信仰的现代性特征；第四章则是具体论述长汀地区的妈祖信仰于当地的社会意义。通过以上四个部分的具体论述,总结分析长汀地区妈祖信仰的现状、特征及其社会意义,探讨该地区妈祖信仰与社会的互动关系,这对于我们在当前形势下贯彻党中央的民族宗教政策,妥善处理好民间信仰的管理问题,有效利用妈祖文化的积极效应为社会主义和谐社会建设服务,有着积极的意义。
[Abstract]:Ma Zu, also known as the Princess of Heaven, Mother, is the common folk god of the Chinese shipowners, seafarers, fishermen, tourists, businessmen and even the central government. Ma Zu's belief originated more than a thousand years ago in Fujian's Putian coastal area in Song Dynasty. On the stage of history, Ma Zu first appeared as a "sea god." later, in folklore, she was gradually entrusted with the functions of rescuing shipwrecks, helping others to help others and protecting the people, and so on, and her belief spread rapidly. Soon from legend to temple worship, from the folk to the palace, from the island to the interior, by the Chinese broadcast world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lizong Shaoding, a famous forensic scientist, served as Changting County order. In view of the inconvenience of land transportation in Ting Zhou, he vigorously developed shipping along the Ting River and opened the commercial waterway between the Ting River and the Han River. Greatly strengthened the economic and cultural ties between Ting Zhou and the Chaoshan area of Guangdong Province. However, the Tingjiang River is tortuous and swift. There are 27 dangerous beaches in the whole process, "300 beachheads are stormy", and shipping accidents occur from time to time. After knowing that Ma Zu has the function of shipping protection, the people of Ting Zhou put it into the folk belief system of Ting Zhou. After that, Ma Zu of Ting Zhou gradually changed from a single sea god and a shipping god into an omnipotent god, and became a woman's mileage of Ma Zu, which was highly respected and believed by the people of Ting Zhou. Changting is located in southwestern Fujian, and Guangdong, Jiangxi Province border, can be said to be a real inland area. Ma Zu's belief came inland from the coast, and then took root, developed and evolved, and finally became a popular folk belief in this area. A side of water and soil creates a spirit of one side, and the gods of folk faith in a certain region will inevitably have the regional characteristics of the region. These characteristics are concentrated in the divine functions of the gods. In a certain sense, the deity is "chosen" by the believers, whether it is "needed", whether its ministry function is "changed" and "developed", This depends to a large extent on the local natural environment and the resulting human environment. At the same time, the deities of folk belief have a positive or negative influence on the local social culture in the process of "growing up". On the basis of field investigation and historical literature, this paper tries to analyze the faith of Ma Zu in Changting area. The main content of this paper is divided into four parts: the first chapter is the general introduction of Ma Zu belief in Changting region, the analysis of the nature, the humanistic background and the existing situation of Ma Zu belief in Changting. The second chapter mainly discusses the transmission of Ma Zu belief to the coastal Ma Zu belief and the evolution in the local area. The third chapter mainly narrates the main characteristics of Ma Zu's belief in Changting, and explains it concretely in four aspects: firstly, the description of the regional characteristics of the belief of Ma Zu in Changting, secondly, the introduction of the mixture of multi-gods in the belief system of the spirit of Ma Zu in Changting; Then it discusses the mutual tolerance between Changting Ma Zu belief and red culture; finally expounds the modern characteristics of Changting Ma Zu belief; the fourth chapter specifically discusses the local social significance of the Changting region Ma Zu belief. Through the concrete discussion of the above four parts, this paper sums up and analyzes the present situation, characteristics and social significance of Ma Zu's belief in Changting region, and probes into the interactive relationship between the belief and the society in this area. This is of great significance to us in carrying out the national and religious policies of the Party Central Committee under the current situation, properly handling the management problems of folk beliefs, and effectively utilizing the positive effects of Ma Zu's culture to serve the construction of a harmonious socialist society.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B933

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